Human Population

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Human Population

• Chapter 8

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• Population
• group of individuals of the same species living
  in the same area sharing genetic information
• Species
• All individuals capable of producing fertile
  offspring

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Rates of Growth

• Rate of Growth
• birth rate death rate net migration
• Worldwide 1.3
• US 0.96
• Developed Nations lt 1.0
• Developing Nations 1.7
• Rates of Countries
• The wealthier the country, the lower its pop.
  growth rate

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Other countries (2011 est.)

• China 0.49
• India 1.34
• Niger 3.64
• Italy 0.42
• Japan -0.28
• Russia -0.47
• Bulgaria -0.77

From CIA World Factbook
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Population vs. Lifestyle

• I P x A x T
• I Environmental impact/person
• P population size
• A Affluence
• T technology
• Developed vs Developing-- Who has a greater
  impact?
• Raising standard of living vs. decreasing growth
  rate

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What is the Human Carrying Capacity?

• Depends on your standard of living
• Energy Usage
• Renewable/nonrenewable resources
• Diet
• Land area
• Food production ability

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Prophecy of Thomas Malthus (1798)

• British economist
• Limited food supply
• People will keep having babies
• Power of Pop. Growth is greater than Earths
  ability to provide resource

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As a result

• Poverty and famine will be natural result of
  overpopulation
• Limit size of poor families, welfare
• Educate w/middle class values
• Social Darwinism
• Did not foresee modern food production methods

Problems with the Mathus Theory
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Factors Affecting Population Growth

• Infant Mortality Rate number of deaths of those
  under 1 year old per 1,000 live births annually
• US 2011 est
• 6.0 deaths/1,000 live births
• Life Expectancy 78.37 years
• For those born in 2011

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US Growth Rate 2011

• Death Rate 8.38/1000
• Birth Rate 13.83/1000
• Migration Rate 4.18/1000
• Birth Rate Migration Rate Death Rate
• 13.83 4.18 - 8.38 9.63/1000
• 0.96

https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world
-factbook/geos/us.html
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Demographic Transition

• Changes that occur in birth death rates as
  industry economics progress
• Pre-industrial stage
• High birth death rates
• Transitional Stage Decline in death rate
• due to health and sanitation improvements.
• Birth rate remains high.
• Who non-industrialized countries
• Industrial Stage Period of high growth rate
• Who Most of Europe in 1700-1800s
• Post-industrial Birth rate drops toward death
  rate. Stable.
• Happens with education. Parents invest in smaller
  families.
• Who Some developed countries are approaching

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Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
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• Can be a second decline in death rate
• Stages 4 5
• Decline in chronic diseases
• Followed by 2nd stable level

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Mortality Rates

• Decreasing due to modern medicine
• Epidemic (acute) Disease appears, affects
  relatively large of pop, then declines
• ex Influenza, measles, plague, polio
• Chronic Disease always present in a certain of
  population
• ex Heart Disease, Cancer
• In more developed countriesdeaths due to chronic
  disease higher than epidemic.

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Causes of Death 2002US and Ethiopia

• Heart Disease 21
• Stroke 7
• Lung cancers 7
• Pulmonary Disease 5
• Alzheimers 4
• Diabetes 3
• Colorectal cancer 3
• Lower respiratory infection 3
• Breast Cancer 2
• Traffic Accidents 2

• Lower respiratory infections 12
• HIV/AIDS 12
• Perinatal Conditions 8
• Diarrheal Disease 6
• Tuberculosis 4
• Measles 4
• Stroke 3
• Heart Disease 3
• Malaria 3
• Syphilis 2

From WHO
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Factors Limiting Population Size

• Short term (within 1 yr) food growth/distribution
  , political events, weather, new disease
• Intermediate term (1-10 yrs) local climate
  changes, energy shortages, pollution, decrease in
  resources (fuel, wood, metals)
• Long term (gt10 yrs) loss of groundwater, global
  climate change, widespread pollution

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Age Structure

• What age ranges are in a population?
• Who is supporting the elderly?
• Age of workforce?
• Effects on economy, resources?

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• Total Fertility Rate (TFR) number of children
  born to a woman in her lifetime.
• US
• Late 1950s 3.8
• 2011 est 2.06
• Replacement Fertility Rate of 2.1 for zero
• growth rate.
• However, pop will continue to increase for
• 50-200 years after TFR 2.1, since there will
  still be
• children from when TFR gt 2.1.

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Age Pyramids
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US Population Pyramids 1970-2010

• Why does the bulge rise?
• Why do the bars become shorter over time?

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Baby Boomers in the US
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How to Stop Population Growth

• Delay age of first childbearing (education of
  girls)
• Promote Breast Feeding
• Increase Birth Control in developing countries
  (education/availability)
• National Programs to reduce birth rate
• Changing values on of children