IPv6

1
IPv6 A Simplified Explanation

• Presented by
• Bryan Crisler
• Senior Network Engineer
• Time Warner Cable

2
Housekeeping

• Take this time to locate
• Emergency Exits
• Bathrooms
• Breakroom/Water Fountain
• Note taking utensils
• Put your Phones on Vibrate
• If you need to take a call, feel free to step out
  of the room.

3
About your Speaker

• Bryan Crisler
• Started in Cable _at_ Charter Communications,
  Riverside, CA in June 2005
• Currently a Senior Network Engineer at Time
  Warner Cable

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About your Speaker

• Held following positions
• Broadband Technician I-IV (Charter)
• Network Operations Specialist (Charter)
• Network Technician (Charter)
• Network Engineer (Charter TWC)
• SR Network Engineer (TWC)

5
About your Speaker

• Email bryan.crisler_at_twcable.com
• LinkedIn linkedin.com/in/bcrisler

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Todays Lesson Plan

• Session 1 So What About IPv6?
• Session 2 Every Day IPv6 and You

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So What About IPv6?

• Session 1

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Basic History of IP

• IP Internet Protocol
• Defined in RFC 791, dated 1981, written by
  Information Sciences Institute _at_ USC
• Written for DARPA (Defense Advanced Research
  Projects Agency)

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Basic History of IP

• Internet Protocol is designed for use in
  interconnected systems of packet-switched
  computer communication networksprovides for
  transmitting blocks of data called datagrams from
  sources to destinations identified by fixed
  length addresses. (RFC 791, section 1.1)

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Versions of IP

• IPv0 3 Experimental Only
• IPv4 Defined in 1981 by RFC 760 791. First
  version to implemented publically. Still in use
  today.
• IPv5 Also experimental, called Internet Stream
  Protocol.
• IPv6 Also called IP Next Generation (IPng),
  Defined in 1998 by RFC 2460-2467

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IP Addressing

• Layer 3 (Network) form of Addressing
• Two different forms of IP Address
• IPv4
• Uses Dotted Decimal (192.168.0.1)
• Has 4,294,967,296 total address (public
  private)
• 32 bit address
• IPv6
• Uses Hexadecimal Notation (FE801)
• Has 3.41038 total address (public private)
• 128 bit address

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IP Addressing cont.

• Both versions represent a real number
• For Instance
• 0.0.1.0 256
• 10.0.0.4 16,777,220
• 00000001 1
• 00001000 281,462,092,005,375

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IP Addressing cont.

• IPv4 Address
• Dotted decimal notation
• x.x.x.x, where x is between 0 255
• IPv6 Address
• Hexadecimal Number system
• 00000000000000000000000000000000
• Leading Zeros can be removed
• Multiple blocks of zeros can be simplified using
  colon

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IP Addressing cont.

• Blocks of IPs are called Subnets
• Each Subnet represents a network (either WAN or
  LAN)
• The range of each subnet is determined by the
  Subnet Mask
• Each Subnet has a Network (First IP address) and
  a Broadcast (Last IP Address, IPv4 only) IP
  Address
• Network Range is calculated Subtracting Subnet
  Mask and from 255.255.255.255 (IPv4) or by 2(128
  prefix) (IPv6).

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IP Addressing cont.

• Network Address First IP in a Subnet used to
  identify the entire network
• Broadcast Address (IPv4 only) Last IP in a
  Subnet used to communicate any device on the
  Useable IP Range.
• Gateway IP Address The configured IP address on
  the next hop router, which contains a path
  towards a WAN/Internet
• Useable IP Range Any IP in a subnet except the
  Network and Broadcast (IPv4 only)

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IPv4 Address Example

• A home wireless Router is configured with network
  address of 192.168.0.0 and a subnet mask of
  255.255.255.0
• 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.255 256
  total addresses
• 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 192.168.0.255
• Network Range 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.255
• Network Address 192.168.0.0
• Broadcast Address 192.168.0.255

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IPv6 Address Example

• A home wireless router has received a prefix
  delegated scope from the ISP 2605e000160e816a
  /64.
• 2(128 - prefix) ? 264 -gt 18,446,744,073,709,551,
  616 hosts
• Approximately 18.4 Quintillion IP Addresses.
• If each IP address was the size of a quarter, you
  could cover the entire earth approximately 24
  times.

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IPv6 Address Example cont.

• The network Range is
• 2605e000160e816a0000000000000000
  -2605e000160e816affffffffffffffff
• Network Address 2605e000160e816a00000000000
  00000
• Broadcast Address There is no broadcast address,
  since multicast is used instead.

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IPv4 vs IPv6 Comparison
IPv4 IPv6
Address 32-bit 128-bit
Number of Addresses 4,294,967,296 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
Network Address X X
Broadcast Address X N/A
Link-Local Range 169.254.0.0/16 FE80/10
Multicast Range 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 FF00/8
Dynamic Addressing DHCP SLAAC or DHCPv6
Security Optional IPSec built-in, optional
Header Length Variable Fixed
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IPv4 vs IPv6 Comparison cont.
IPv4 IPv6
Loopback Address 127.0.0.1/32 1/128
Default Gateway 0.0.0.0/0 /0
IGP Routing Protocols RIP (v1/v2), OSPF, ISIS, EIGRP RIPng, OSPFv3,ISIS
EBGP Routing Protocols BGP BGPv4
Other Protocols ICMP, DHCP, DNS ICMPv6, DHCPv6, DNS
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IPv6 Features

• Larger Address Space
• Simplified header makes routing more efficient
• Private IP Space not required
• Manual configuration not required due to SLAAC
• Broadcasting of packets replaced with
  Multicast/Anycast

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IPv6 Features cont.

• Security built into IPv6, but is optional
• Mobility allows for devices to use the same IPv6
  Address (from home network) regardless of what
  network they are connected to.
• Dual Stack / 6 to 4 tunneling is available to
  provide a smooth transition

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ARP vs Neighbor Discovery Protocol

• ARP Address resolution protocol uses IPv4
  Broadcast address to map an IPv4 Address to a MAC
  address (ARP) or vise versa (rARP).
• Neighbor Discovery Protocol part of the ICMPv6
  protocol, uses multicast to establish
  communication with devices on the same network
  segment. Follows the following process
• Neighbor Solicitation sends a message to
  FF021/16 with all configured IPv6 addresses
• DAD (Duplicate Address Detection) If no message
  is received from LAN segment, configured IPv6
  Addresses are assumed not to be duplicates.
• Neighbor Assignment Message sent to confirm
  configuration of IPv6 addresses to LAN segment.

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ARP vs Neighbor Discovery Protocol cont.

• NDP cont.
• Router Solicitation message sent to FF022/16
  to detect presence of routers on network segment.
  Determine the default gateway for host.
• Router Advertisement response from router
• Redirect message sent from router specifying
  that it is not the best gateway for the host.

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SLAAC

• SLAAC StateLess Address AutoConfiguration
• Allows a host to automatically configure their
  own IPv6 Address
• Uses NDP to determine a valid Global IPv6 Address
• Uses EUI-64 method

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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

• Allows a DHCP server to assign/configure an IP
  Address to an end device
• Will also configure Subnet Mask, Gateway IP, as
  well as DNS Servers
• When an end device is configured for DHCP, the
  DORA begins (IPv4) or SARR begins (IPv6).

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DHCP cont.

• DORA (IPv4)
• Discover Client sends a broadcast message to
  DHCP Server
• Offer Server sends a message to client with an
  IP Address Offer
• Request Client formally request IP Address
  Offered, and sets Subnet Mask, gateway, DNS and
  lease time
• Acknowledge Server Acknowledges client Request
  and reserves IP.
• Once lease is at half-life, DORA process is
  repeated.

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DHCP cont.

• SARR
• Solicit Client sends a multicast message to
  DHCPv6 Server
• Advertise DHCPv6 Server(s) replies to client
  with their IPv6 Address
• Request Client formally request IP Address
  Offered, and sets Prefix, DNS and lease time, but
  not gateway (learned from ICMPv6)
• Reply Server Acknowledges client Request and
  reserves IP.
• Once lease is at half-life, SARR process is
  repeated.

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Domain Name Service (DNS)

• DNS Maps a domain name like google.com to an IP
  Address
• DNS Support for IPv6 has been added
• AAAA records are used to map a FQDN like google
  to an IPv6 Address
• A Records are used to map FQDN to an IPv4
  Address.

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Session 1 Review

• How many bits are in an IPv6 Address?
• What method is used by DHCPv6?
• What does the double colon mean in
  hexadecimal numbering system for IPv6?
• Does ICMPv6 use broadcast or multicast messages?
• How is a default route or default gateway
  determined?

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Session 1 QA

• Any Questions???

34
Break time

• 15 Minutes

35
Every Day IPv6 and You

• Session 2

36
Why did IPv6 become Necessary?

• We are out of IPv4 Space
• ARIN reports only 0.00374 of /8 left
• Only 245 /24s left (62,720 IPs left)
• Approximately 42.4 of the worlds population
  uses the internet as of Dec 2014, where as only
  12.7 used the internet in Dec 2004.
  (internetworldstats.com)

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Where are we at with IPv6 Deployment?

• Since World IPv6 Launch day, on June 6th, 2012,
  many companies including Time Warner Cable and
  Comcast have committed to launching IPv6.
• Currently most companies are running both IPv4
  and IPv6 at the same time.
• Comcast, Charter, Cox and Time Warner Cable

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What are the challenges to IPv6 deployment?

• End Device support (software and hardware)
• Windows 7 and 8 Support IPv6
• Mac OS X v10.1 and later Support IPv6
• End Device (Wireless Routers)
• Check your vendors website to see if IPv6 is
  supported.

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Where are we at with IPv6 Deployment? cont.

• Most cable companies are providing IPv6 to
  customers
• Network Devices have already been configured
• Network Backbone already supports IPv6
• IPv6 Allocations have already been received and
  deployed

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What are the challenges cont.

• Modem Support
• Not all modems have firmware that support IPv6.
• Each cable company has a list of supported IPv6
  enabled modems.
• Website Support
• Most websites are IPv4 only. Many bigger sites
  such as Google, Yahoo, Microsoft all support IPv6.

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What are the challenges - cont.

• End User
• Training for Field Techs/CSR/Engineers
• Subscriber training

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Is my computer IPv6 Ready?

• Here is how you can check
• Go to www.ipv6-test.com or www.test-ipv6.com
• Go to ipv6test.google.com

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IPConfig

• Run cmd
• Type ipconfig /all
• Displays all IP Addresses
• Type ipconfig /release ipconfig /renew
• If you need to refresh the IP with the DHCP
  Server do a /release /renew
• Type ipconfig /flushdns
• If you are having problems reaching some
  websites, run a /flushdns

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Tracert (Traceroute)

• Run cmd
• Shows latency and hopcount
• Each hop is a router interface
• Maximum hops on tracert is 30
• Type tracert -6 google.com
• To see if you can reach google or any other
  domain name.
• Type tracert -6 ltipv6 addressgt
• If you are unable to resolve any DNS, you can
  still traceroute using an IP Address
• Type tracert -6 ltipv6 gatewaygt
• If you are trying to reach your local routers
  gateway ip address
• Type tracert -6 ltcpe gateway ipgt
• If you are trying to reach your CPE gateway IP
  Address on the CMTS.

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Ping

• Run cmd
• Great test for packet loss
• Type ping google.com
• To see if you can reach google or any other
  domain name
• Type ping -6 t ltip or domain namegt
• To test for packet loss on the internet. t will
  continuously ping until cntr-c is pressed.
• Type ping -6 n ltcountgt ltip or domain namegt
• To test for packet loss with a specific amount of
  packets.
• Type ping -6 l ltsize of packetgt ltip/domaingt
• To test for packet loss with a greater packet
  size.

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NSLookup

• Run cmd
• Used to query DNS Server and perform DNS Lookups
• Can be used to determine if DNS server is down or
  not reachable
• Type nslookup google.com
• Performs a standard lookup
• Type nslookup ltip addressgt
• Performs a reverse dns lookup to find domain name
• Type nslookup ltip/domaingt ltserver ipgt
• Performs a lookup using a different server

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Network-tools.com

• Go to www.network-tools.com
• Many different network tools
• Allows you to ping from outside cable network
• Can check DNS Records
• Can also check email spam blacklists