Help needed for the Art

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Help needed for the Art Science Day at the
Chester Street Elementary school 110 Chester St,
Kingston 12- 330 on Tuesday, March 22.
2

• Plant Growth Development
• 3 stages
• Embryogenesis
• Fertilization to seed

• Plant Growth Development
• 3 stages
• Embryogenesis
• Fertilization to seed
• 2. Vegetative growth
• Juvenile stage
• Germination to adult
• "phase change" marks transition
• 3. Reproductive development
• Make flowers, can
• reproduce sexually

3
Senescence Shoot apical meristem now starts
making new organ flowers, with many new
structures cell types Eventually petals, etc
senesce genetically programmed cell death
controlled by specific genes
4
Senescence Eventually petals, etc senesce
genetically programmed cell death controlled by
specific genes Also seen in many other cases
deciduous leaves in fall, annual plants, older
trees
5
Senescence Induce specific senescence-associated
genes eg DNAses, proteases, lipases Also seen
during xylem formation when cell wall is
complete cell kills itself
6
Senescence Also seen during xylem formation when
cell wall is complete cell kills itself Also seen
as wound response hypersensitive response Cells
surrounding the wound kill themselves
7
Senescence Also seen during xylem formation when
cell wall is complete cell kills itself Also seen
as wound response hypersensitive response Cells
surrounding the wound kill themselves Some
mutants do this w/o wound -gt is controlled by
genes!
8

• Light regulation of Plant Development
• Plants use light as food and information
• Use information to control development

9

• Light regulation of Plant Development
• Plants use light as food and information
• Use information to control development
• germination

10

• Light regulation of Plant Development
• Plants use light as food and information
• Use information to control development
• Germination
• Photomorphogenesis vs skotomorphogenesis

11

• Light regulation of Plant Development
• Plants use light as food and information
• Use information to control development
• Germination
• Photomorphogenesis vs skotomorphogenesis
• Sun/shade shade avoidance

12

• Light regulation of Plant Development
• Germination
• Morphogenesis
• Sun/shade shade avoidance
• Flowering

13

• Light regulation of Plant Development
• Germination
• Morphogenesis
• Sun/shade shade avoidance
• Flowering
• Senescence

14

• Light regulation of growth
• Plants sense
• Light quantity

15

• Light regulation of growth
• Plants sense
• Light quantity
• Light quality (colors)

16

• Light regulation of growth
• Plants sense
• Light quantity
• Light quality (colors)
• Light duration

17

• Light regulation of growth
• Plants sense
• Light quantity
• Light quality (colors)
• Light duration
• Direction it comes from

18

• Light regulation of growth
• Plants sense
• Light quantity
• Light quality (colors)
• Light duration
• Direction it comes from
• Have photoreceptors
• that sense specific
• wavelengths

19

• Light regulation of growth
• Early work
• Darwins showed
• blue light controls
• phototropism

20

• Light regulation of Plant Development
• Early work
• Darwins blue light controls phototropism
• Duration photoperiodism (Garner and
  Allard,1920)
• Maryland Mammoth tobacco flowers in the S but not
  in N

21

• Light regulation of Plant Development
• Early work
• Darwins blue light controls phototropism
• Duration photoperiodism (Garner and
  Allard,1920)
• Maryland Mammoth tobacco flowers in the S but not
  in N
• short-day plant (SDP)

22
Light regulation of Plant Development Duration
photoperiodism (Garner and Allard,1920) Maryland
Mammoth tobacco flowers in the S but not in N
short-day plant (SDP) Measures night! 30" flashes
during night stop flowers
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Light regulation of growth Duration
photoperiodism (Garner and Allard,1920) Maryland
Mammoth tobacco flowers in the S but not in N
short-day plant (SDP) Measures night! 30" flashes
during night stop flowers LDP plants such as
Arabidopsis need long days to flower
24
Light regulation of growth Duration
photoperiodism (Garner and Allard,1920) Maryland
Mammoth tobacco flowers in the S but not in N
short-day plant (SDP) Measures night! 30" flashes
during night stop flowers LDP plants such as
Arabidopsis need long days to flower SDP flower
in fall, LDP flower in spring, neutral flower
when ready
25
Light regulation of growth Measures night! 30"
flashes during night stop flowers LDP plants such
as Arabidopsis need long days to flower SDP
flower in fall, LDP flower in spring, neutral
flower when ready Next color matters! Red light
works best for flowering
26
Light regulation of growth Next color matters!
Red light (666 nm) works best for flowering for
germination of many seeds!
27
Light regulation of growth Next color matters!
Red light (666 nm) works best for flowering for
germination of many seeds! But, Darwins showed
blue works best for phototropism!
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Light regulation of growth Next color matters!
Red light (666 nm)works best for flowering for
germination of many seeds! But, Darwin showed
blue works best for phototropism! Different
photoreceptor!
29
Light regulation of growth But, Darwin showed
blue works best for phototropism! Different
photoreceptor! Red light (666 nm) promotes
germination Far red light (gt700 nm) blocks
germination
30
Light regulation of growth But, Darwin showed
blue works best for phototropism! Different
photoreceptor! Red light (666 nm) promotes
germination Far red light (gt700 nm) blocks
germination
31
Light regulation of growth Red light (666 nm)
promotes germination Far red light (gt700 nm)
blocks germination After alternate R/FR flashes
last flash decides outcome
32
Light regulation of growth Red light (666 nm)
promotes germination Far red light (gt700 nm)
blocks germination After alternate R/FR flashes
last flash decides outcome Seeds don't want to
germinate in the shade!
33
Light regulation of growth Red light (666 nm)
promotes germination Far red light (gt700 nm)
blocks germination After alternate R/FR color of
final flash decides outcome Seeds don't want to
germinate in the shade! Pigment is
photoreversible
34
Light regulation of growth Red light (666 nm)
promotes germination Far red light (730 nm)
blocks germination After alternate R/FR color of
final flash decides outcome Pigment is
photoreversible! -gt helped purify it! Looked for
pigment that absorbs first at 666 nm, then 730
35
Phytochrome Red light (666 nm) promotes
germination Far red light (730 nm) blocks
germination After alternate R/FR color of final
flash decides outcome Pigment is photoreversible!
-gt helped purify it! Looked for pigment that
absorbs first at 666 nm, then 730
36
Phytochrome Red light (666 nm) promotes
germination Far red light (730 nm) blocks
germination After alternate R/FR color of final
flash decides outcome Pigment is photoreversible!
-gt helped purify it! Looked for pigment that
absorbs first at 666 nm, then 730 Made as
inactive cytoplasmic Pr that absorbs at 666 nm
37
Phytochrome Made as inactive cytoplasmic Pr that
absorbs at 666 nm or in blue Converts to active
Pfr that absorbs far red (730nm)
38

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• Two categories based on speed
• Rapid biochemical events
• Morphological changes

39

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• Two categories based on speed
• Rapid biochemical events
• Morphological changes
• Lag time also varies from minutes to weeks

40

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• Two categories based on speed
• Rapid biochemical events
• Morphological changes
• Lag time also varies from minutes to weeks
  numbers of steps after Pfr vary

41

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• Lag time also varies from minutes to weeks
  numbers of steps after Pfr vary
• "Escape time" until a response can no longer be
  reversed by FR also varies

42

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• Lag time also varies from minutes to weeks
  numbers of steps after Pfr vary
• "Escape time" until a response can no longer be
  reversed by FR also varies time taken for Pfr to
  do its job
• Conclusions phytochrome acts on many processes
  in many ways

43

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• Two categories based on speed
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2

44

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• Two categories based on speed
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• Changes 0.02 of Pr to Pfr

45

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• Changes 0.02 of Pr to Pfr
• Are not FR-reversible!

46

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• Changes 0.02 of Pr to Pfr
• Are not FR-reversible! But action spectrum same
  as Pr

47

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• Changes 0.02 of Pr to Pfr
• Are not FR-reversible! But action spectrum same
  as Pr
• Induced by FR!

48

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• Changes 0.02 of Pr to Pfr
• Are not FR-reversible! But action spectrum same
  as Pr
• Induced by FR!
• Obey law of reciprocity
• 1 nmol/m-2 x 100 s
• 100 nmol/m-2 x 1 sec

49

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• Changes 0.02 of Pr to Pfr
• Are not FR-reversible! But action spectrum same
  as Pr
• Induced by FR!
• Obey law of reciprocity
• 1 nmol/m-2 x 100 s
• 100 nmol/m-2 x 1 sec
• Examples Cab gene
• induction, oat
• coleoptile growth

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• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• Changes 0.02 of Pr to Pfr
• Are not FR-reversible! But action spectrum same
  as Pr
• Induced by FR!
• Obey law of reciprocity
• 1 nmol/m-2 x 100 s
• 100 nmol/m-2 x 1 sec
• Examples Cab gene
• induction, oat
• coleoptile growth
• 2. LF induced by
• 1 µmol/m-2, saturate _at_
• 1000 µmol/m-2

51

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• 2. LF induced by 1 µmol/m-2, saturate _at_ 1000
  µmol/m-2
• Are FR-reversible!

52

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• 2. LF induced by 1 µmol/m-2, saturate _at_ 1000
  µmol/m-2
• Are FR-reversible! Need gt 3 Pfr

53

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• 2. LF induced by 1 µmol/m-2, saturate _at_ 1000
  µmol/m-2
• Are FR-reversible! Need gt 3 Pfr
• Obey law of reciprocity

54

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• 2. LF induced by 1 µmol/m-2, saturate _at_ 1000
  µmol/m-2
• Are FR-reversible! Need gt 3 Pfr
• Obey law of reciprocity
• Examples Lettuce seed
• Germination, mustard
• photomorphogenesis,
• inhibits flowering in SDP

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• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• 2. LF induced by 1 µmol/m-2, saturate _at_ 1000
  µmol/m-2
• Are FR-reversible! Need gt 3 Pfr
• Obey law of reciprocity
• Examples Lettuce seed
• Germination, mustard
• photomorphogenesis,
• inhibits flowering in SDP
• 3. HIR require prolonged
• exposure to higher fluence

56

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• 2. LF induced by 1 µmol/m-2, saturate _at_ 1000
  µmol/m-2
• 3. HIR require prolonged exposure to higher
  fluence
• Effect is proportional to
• Fluence

57

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• 2. LF induced by 1 µmol/m-2, saturate _at_ 1000
  µmol/m-2
• 3. HIR require prolonged exposure to higher
  fluence
• Effect is proportional to
• Fluence
• Disobey law of reciprocity
• Are not FR-reversible!

58

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• 2. LF induced by 1 µmol/m-2, saturate _at_ 1000
  µmol/m-2
• 3. HIR require prolonged exposure to higher
  fluence
• Effect is proportional to fluence
• Disobey law of reciprocity
• Are not FR-reversible!
• Some are induced by FR!

59

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• 2. LF induced by 1 µmol/m-2, saturate _at_ 1000
  µmol/m-2
• 3. HIR require prolonged exposure to higher
  fluence
• Effect is proportional to fluence
• Disobey law of reciprocity
• Are not FR-reversible!
• Some are induced by FR!
• Examples inhibition of
• hypocotyl elongation in
• many seedlings,
• Anthocyanin synthesis

60

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• 2. LF induced by 1 µmol/m-2, saturate _at_ 1000
  µmol/m-2
• 3. HIR require prolonged exposure to higher
  fluence
• Effect is proportional to fluence
• Disobey law of reciprocity
• Are not FR-reversible!
• Some are induced by FR!
• Examples inhibition of
• hypocotyl elongation in
• many seedlings,
• Anthocyanin synthesis
• Different responses
• Different phytochromes

61

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• 3 classes based on fluence (amount of light
  needed)
• VLFinduced by 0.1 nmol/m-2 , saturate _at_
  50nmol/m-2
• 2. LF induced by 1 µmol/m-2, saturate _at_ 1000
  µmol/m-2
• 3. HIR require prolonged exposure to higher
  fluence
• Different responses Different phytochromes
• 3 in rice, 5 in Arabidopsis

62

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• Different responses Different phytochromes
• 3 in rice, 5 in Arabidopsis
• PHYA mediates VLF and HIR due to FR

63

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• Different responses Different phytochromes
• 3 in rice, 5 in Arabidopsis
• PHYA mediates VLF and HIR due to FR
• Very labile in light

64

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• Different responses Different phytochromes
• 3 in rice, 5 in Arabidopsis
• PHYA mediates VLF and HIR due to FR
• Very labile in light
• 2. PHYB mediates LF and HIR due to R
• Stable in light

65

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• PHYA mediates VLF and HIR due to FR
• Very labile in light
• 2. PHYB mediates LF and HIR due to R
• Stable in light
• 3. Roles of PHYs C, D E not so clear

66

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• PHYA mediates VLF and HIR due to FR
• Very labile in light
• 2. PHYB mediates LF and HIR due to R
• Stable in light
• 3. Roles of PHYs C, D E not so clear
• PHYA PHYB are often antagonistic.

67

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• PHYA PHYB are often antagonistic.
• In sunlight PHYB mainly controls development

68

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• PHYA PHYB are often antagonistic.
• In sunlight PHYB mainly controls development
• In shade PHYA 1st controls development, since FR
  is high

69

• Types of Phytochrome Responses
• PHYA PHYB are often antagonistic.
• In sunlight PHYB mainly controls development
• In shade PHYA 1st controls development, since FR
  is high
• But PHYA is light-labile PHYB takes over stem
  grows
• "shade-avoidance"

70
Phytochrome Pr has cis-chromophore
71
Phytochrome Pr has cis-chromophore Red
converts it to trans active shape
72
Phytochrome Pr has cis-chromophore Red
converts it to trans active shape Far-red
reverts it to cis
73

• Phytochrome
• Pfr is a protein kinase acts by kinasing key
  proteins
• some stays in cytoplasm activates ion pumps

74

• Phytochrome
• Pfr is a protein kinase acts by kinasing key
  proteins
• some stays in cytoplasm activates ion pumps
• Rapid responses are due to changes in ion fluxes

75

• Phytochrome
• Pfr is a protein kinase acts by kinasing key
  proteins
• some stays in cytoplasm activates ion pumps
• Rapid responses are due to changes in ion fluxes
• Increase growth by activating PM H pump

76

• Phytochrome
• Pfr is a protein kinase acts by kinasing key
  proteins
• some stay in cytoplasm activate ion pumps
• Rapid responses are due to changes in ion fluxes
• most enter nucleus and kinase transcription
  factors

77

• Phytochrome
• some stay in cytoplasm activate ion pumps
• Rapid responses are due to changes in ion fluxes
• most enter nucleus and kinase transcription
  factors
• Slow responses are due to changes in gene
  expression

78

• Phytochrome
• most enter nucleus and kinase transcription
  factors
• Slow responses are due to changes in gene
  expression
• Many targets of PHY are transcription factors, eg
  PIF3

79

• Phytochrome
• most enter nucleus and kinase transcription
  factors
• Slow responses are due to changes in gene
  expression
• Many targets of PHY are transcription factors, eg
  PIF3
• Activate cascades of genes for photomorphogenesis

80

• Phytochrome
• Slow responses are due to changes in gene
  expression
• Many targets of PHY are transcription factors, eg
  PIF3
• Activate cascades of genes for light responses
• Some overlap, and some are unique to each phy

81

• Phytochrome
• Slow responses are due to changes in gene
  expression
• Many targets of PHY are transcription factors, eg
  PIF3
• Activate cascades of genes for light responses
• Some overlap, and some are unique to each phy
• 20 of genes are light-regulated

82

• Phytochrome
• 20 of genes are light-regulated
• Protein degradation is important for light
  regulation

83

• Phytochrome
• 20 of genes are light-regulated
• Protein degradation is important for light
  regulation
• Cop mutants cant degrade specific proteins

84

• Phytochrome
• Protein degradation is important for light
  regulation
• Cop mutants cant degrade specific proteins
• COP1/SPA targets specific transcription factors
  for degradation

85

• Phytochrome
• Protein degradation is important for light
  regulation
• Cop mutants cant degrade specific proteins
• COP1/SPA targets specific
• TF for degradation
• DDA1/DET1/COP10 target
• other proteins for degradation

86

• Phytochrome
• Protein degradation is important for light
  regulation
• Cop mutants cant degrade specific proteins
• COP1/SPA targets specific
• TF for degradation
• DDA1/DET1/COP10 target
• other proteins for degradation
• Other COPs form part of
• COP9 signalosome

87

• Phytochrome
• Protein degradation is important for light
  regulation
• Cop mutants cant degrade specific proteins
• COP1/SPA targets specific TF for degradation
• DDA1/DET1/COP10 target other proteins
• Other COPs form part of COP9 signalosome
• W/O COPs these TF act in dark

88

• Phytochrome
• COPs target specific TF for degradation
• W/O COPs they act in dark
• In light COP1 is exported to cytoplasm so TF can
  act
• Tags PHYA by itself on the way out!

89

• Other Phytochrome Responses
• In shade avoidance FR stimulates IAA synthesis
  from trp!
• Occurs in lt 1 hour

90

• Other Phytochrome Responses
• In shade avoidance FR stimulates IAA synthesis
  from trp!
• Occurs in lt 1 hour
• Also occurs in response to endogenous ethylene!

91

• Other Phytochrome Responses
• Flowering under short days is controlled via
  protein deg
• COP CUL4 mutants flower early

92

• Other Phytochrome Responses
• Flowering under short days is controlled via
  protein deg
• COP CUL4 mutants flower early
• Accumulate FT (Flowering locus T) mRNA early
• FT mRNA abundance shows strong circadian rhythm

93

• Other Phytochrome Responses
• Circadian rhythms
• Many plant responses, some developmental, some
  physiological, show circadian rhythms

94
Circadian rhythms Many plant responses, some
developmental, some physiological, show circadian
rhythms Leaves move due to circadian ion fluxes
in/out of dorsal ventral motor cells
95

• Circadian rhythms
• Many plant responses show circadian rhythms
• Once entrained, continue in constant dark

96

• Circadian rhythms
• Many plant responses show circadian rhythms
• Once entrained, continue in constant dark, or
  light

97

• Circadian rhythms
• Many plant responses show circadian rhythms
• Once entrained, continue in constant dark, or
  light!
• Gives plant headstart on photosynthesis, other
  processes that need gene expression

98

• Circadian rhythms
• Many plant responses show circadian rhythms
• Once entrained, continue in constant dark, or
  light!
• Gives plant headstart on photosynthesis, other
  processes that need gene expression
• eg elongation at night!

99

• Circadian rhythms
• Gives plant headstart on photosynthesis, other
  processes that need gene expression
• eg elongate at night!
• Endogenous oscillator is temperature-compensated,
  so runs at same speed at all times

100

• Circadian rhythms
• Endogenous oscillator is temperature-compensated,
  so runs at same speed at all times
• Is a negative feedback loop of transcription-trans
  lation
• Light TOC1 activate LHY CCA1 at dawn

101

• Circadian rhythms
• Light TOC1 activate LHY CCA1 at dawn
• LHY CCA1 repress TOC1 in day, so they decline
  too

102

• Circadian rhythms
• Light TOC1 activate LHY CCA1 at dawn
• LHY CCA1 repress TOC1 in day, so they decline
  too
• At night TOC1 is activated (not enough LHY
  CCA1)

103

• Circadian rhythms
• Light TOC1 activate LHY CCA1 at dawn
• LHY CCA1 repress TOC1 in day, so they decline
  too
• At night TOC1 is activated (not enough LHY
  CCA1)
• Phytochrome entrains the clock

104
Circadian rhythms Light TOC1 activate LHY
CCA1 at dawn LHY CCA1 repress TOC1 in day, so
they decline too At night TOC1 is activated (not
enough LHY CCA1) Phytochrome entrains the clock
So does blue light
105

• Blue Light Responses
• Circadian Rhythms

106

• Blue Light Responses
• Circadian Rhythms
• Solar tracking

107
Blue Light Responses Circadian Rhythms Solar
tracking Phototropism
108
Blue Light Responses Circadian Rhythms Solar
tracking Phototropism Inhibiting stem elongation
109
Blue Light Responses Circadian Rhythms Solar
tracking Phototropism Inhibiting stem
elongation Chloroplast movement
110
Blue Light Responses Circadian Rhythms Solar
tracking Phototropism Inhibiting stem
elongation Chloroplast movement Stomatal opening
111
Blue Light Responses Circadian Rhythms Solar
tracking Phototropism Inhibiting stem
elongation Chloroplast movement Stomatal
opening Gene expression
112
Blue Light Responses Circadian Rhythms Solar
tracking Phototropism Inhibiting stem
elongation Chloroplast movement Stomatal
opening Gene expression Flowering in Arabidopsis
113
Blue Light Responses Circadian Rhythms Solar
tracking Phototropism Inhibiting stem
elongation Chloroplast movement Stomatal
opening Gene expression Flowering in
Arabidopsis Responses vary in their fluence
requirements
114
Blue Light Responses Circadian Rhythms Solar
tracking Phototropism Inhibiting stem
elongation Chloroplast movement Stomatal
opening Gene expression Flowering in
Arabidopsis Responses vary in their fluence
requirements lag times
115
Blue Light Responses Responses vary in their
fluence requirements lag time Stomatal opening
is reversible by green light others arent
116
Blue Light Responses Responses vary in their
fluence requirements lag time Stomatal opening
is reversible by green light others
arent Multiple blue receptors with different
functions!
117
Blue Light Responses Responses vary in their
fluence requirements lag time Stomatal opening
is reversible by green light others
arent Multiple blue receptors with different
functions! Identified by mutants
118
Blue Light Responses Responses vary in their
fluence requirements lag time Stomatal opening
is reversible by green light others
arent Multiple blue receptors with different
functions! Identified by mutants, then clone the
gene and identify the protein
119
Blue Light Responses Responses vary in their
fluence requirements lag time Stomatal opening
is reversible by green light others
arent Multiple blue receptors with different
functions! Identified by mutants, then clone the
gene and identify the protein Cryptochromes
repress hypocotyl elongation
120
Blue Light Responses Cryptochromes repress
hypocotyl elongation Stimulate flowering
121
Blue Light Responses Cryptochromes repress
hypocotyl elongation Stimulate flowering Set the
circadian clock (in humans, too!)
122
Blue Light Responses Cryptochromes repress
hypocotyl elongation Stimulate flowering Set the
circadian clock (in humans, too!) Stimulate
anthocyanin synthesis
123
Blue Light Responses Cryptochromes repress
hypocotyl elongation Stimulate flowering Set the
circadian clock (in humans, too!) Stimulate
anthocyanin synthesis 3 CRY genes
124
Blue Light Responses 3 CRY genes All have same
basic structure Photolyase-like domain binds FAD
and a pterin (MTHF) that absorbs blue transfers
energy to FAD in photolyase (an enzyme that uses
light energy to repair pyr dimers)
125
Blue Light Responses 3 CRY genes All have same
basic structure Photolyase-like domain binds FAD
and a pterin (MTHF) that absorbs blue transfers
energy to FAD in photolyase (an enzyme that uses
light energy to repair pyr dimers) DAS binds COP1
has nuclear localization signals
126
Blue Light Responses 3 CRY genes All have same
basic structure Photolyase-like domain binds FAD
and a pterin (MTHF) that absorbs blue transfers
energy to FAD in photolyase (an enzyme that uses
light energy to repair pyr dimers) DAS binds COP1
has nuclear localization signals CRY1 CRY2
kinase proteins after absorbing blue
127
Blue Light Responses 3 CRY genes CRY1 CRY2
kinase proteins after absorbing blue CRY3 repairs
mt cp DNA!
128

• Blue Light Responses
• 3 CRY genes
• CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth
  light-stable
• Triggers rapid changes in PM potential growth

129

• Blue Light Responses
• 3 CRY genes
• CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth
  light-stable
• Triggers rapid changes in PM potential growth
• Opens anion channels in PM

130

• Blue Light Responses
• 3 CRY genes
• CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth
  light-stable
• Triggers rapid changes in PM potential growth
• Opens anion channels in PM
• Stimulates anthocyanin synthesis

131

• Blue Light Responses
• 3 CRY genes
• CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth
  light-stable
• Triggers rapid changes in PM potential growth
• Opens anion channels in PM
• Stimulates anthocyanin synthesis
• Entrains the circadian clock

132

• Blue Light Responses
• 3 CRY genes
• CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth
  light-stable
• Triggers rapid changes in PM potential growth
• Opens anion channels in PM
• Stimulates anthocyanin synthesis
• Entrains the circadian clock
• Also accumulates in nucleus interacts with PHY
  COP1 to regulate photomorphogenesis, probably
  by kinasing substrates

133

• Blue Light Responses
• 3 CRY genes
• CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth
  light-stable
• Triggers rapid changes in PM potential growth
• Opens anion channels in PM
• Stimulates anthocyanin synthesis
• Entrains the circadian clock
• Also accumulates in nucleus interacts with PHY
  COP1 to regulate photomorphogenesis, probably
  by kinasing substrates
• 2. CRY2 controls flowering

134

• Blue Light Responses
• 3 CRY genes
• CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth
  light-stable
• 2. CRY2 controls flowering little effect on
  other processes
• Light-labile

135

• Blue Light Responses
• 3 CRY genes
• CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth
  light-stable
• 2. CRY2 controls flowering little effect on
  other processes
• Light-labile
• 3. CRY3 enters cp mito, where binds repairs
  DNA!

136

• Blue Light Responses
• 3 CRY genes
• CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth
• 2. CRY2 controls flowering little effect on
  other processes
• CRY3 enters cp mito, where binds repairs DNA!
• Cryptochromes are not
• involved in phototropism or
• stomatal opening!

137

• Blue Light Responses
• Cryptochromes are not involved in phototropism or
• stomatal opening!
• Phototropins are!

138

• Blue Light Responses
• Phototropins are involved in phototropism
  stomatal opening!
• Many names (nph, phot, rpt) since found by
  several different mutant screens

139

• Phototropins
• Many names (nph, phot, rpt) since found by
  several different mutant screens
• Mediate blue light-induced growth enhancements

140

• Phototropins
• Many names (nph, phot, rpt) since found by
  several different mutant screens
• Mediate blue light-induced growth enhancement
  blue light-dependent activation of the plasma
  membrane H-ATPase in guard cells

141

• Phototropins
• Many names (nph, phot, rpt) since found by
  several different mutant screens
• Mediate blue light-induced growth enhancement
  blue light-dependent activation of the plasma
  membrane H-ATPase in guard cells
• Contain light-activated serine-threonine kinase
  domain and LOV1 (light-O2-voltage) and LOV2
  repeats

142

• Phototropins
• Many names (nph, phot, rpt) since found by
  several different mutant screens
• Mediate blue light-induced growth enhancement
  blue light-dependent activation of the plasma
  membrane H-ATPase in guard cells
• Contain light-activated serine-threonine kinase
  domain and LOV1 (light-O2-voltage) and LOV2
  repeats
• LOV1 LOV2 bind FlavinMonoNucleotide cofactors

143

• Phototropins
• Many names (nph, phot, rpt) since found by
  several different mutant screens
• Mediate blue light-induced growth enhancement
  blue light-dependent activation of the plasma
  membrane H-ATPase in guard cells
• Contain light-activated serine-threonine kinase
  domain and LOV1 (light-O2-voltage) and LOV2
  repeats
• LOV1 LOV2 bind FlavinMonoNucleotide cofactors
• After absorbing blue rapidly autophosphorylate
  kinase other proteins

144

• Phototropins
• After absorbing blue rapidly autophosphorylate
  kinase other proteins
• 1 result phototropism
• due to uneven auxin
• transport

145

• Phototropins
• After absorbing blue rapidly autophosphorylate
  kinase other proteins
• 1 result phototropism
• due to uneven auxin
• transport
• Send more to side away
• from light!

146

• Phototropins
• After absorbing blue rapidly autophosphorylate
  kinase other proteins
• 1 result phototropism
• due to uneven auxin
• transport
• Send more to side away
• from light!
• Phot 1 mediates LF

147

• Phototropins
• After absorbing blue rapidly autophosphorylate
  kinase other proteins
• 1 result phototropism
• due to uneven auxin
• transport
• Send more to side away
• from light!
• PHOT 1 mediates LF
• PHOT2 mediates HIR

148

• Phototropins
• 2nd result stomatal opening via stimulation of
  guard cell PM proton pump
• Also requires photosynthesis by guard cells!

149

• Phototropins
• 2nd result stomatal opening via stimulation of
  guard cell PM proton pump
• Also requires photosynthesis by guard cells
  signaling from xanthophylls

150

• Phototropins
• 2nd result stomatal opening via stimulation of
  guard cell PM proton pump
• Also requires photosynthesis by guard cells
  signaling from xanthophylls
• npq mutants dont
• make zeaxanthin
• lack specific blue
• response

151

• Phototropins
• 2nd result stomatal opening via stimulation of
  guard cell PM proton pump
• Also requires photosynthesis by guard cells
  signaling from xanthophylls
• npq mutants dont
• make zeaxanthin
• lack specific blue
• response
• Basic idea open when pump in K

152

• Phototropins
• 2nd result stomatal opening via stimulation of
  guard cell PM proton pump
• Also requires photosynthesis by guard cells
  signaling from xanthophylls
• npq mutants dont
• make zeaxanthin
• lack specific blue
• response
• Basic idea open when pump in K
• Close when pump out K

153

• Phototropins
• Basic idea open when pump in K
• Close when pump out K
• Control is hideously complicated!

154

• Phototropins
• Basic idea open when pump in K
• Close when pump out K
• Control is hideously complicated!
• Mainly controlled by blue light

155

• Phototropins
• Basic idea open when pump in K
• Close when pump out K
• Control is hideously complicated!
• Mainly controlled by blue light, but red also
  plays role

156

• Phototropins
• Basic idea open when pump in K
• Close when pump out K
• Control is hideously complicated!
• Mainly controlled by blue light,
• but red also plays role
• Light intensity is also important

157

• Phototropins
• Mainly controlled by blue light, but red also
  plays role
• Light intensity is also important due to effect
  on
• photosynthate in guard cells

158

• Phototropins
• Mainly controlled by blue light, but red also
  plays role
• Light intensity is also important due to effect
  on
• photosynthate in guard cells
• PHOT1 2 also help

159

• Phototropins
• Mainly controlled by blue light, but red also
  plays role
• Light intensity is also important due to effect
  on
• photosynthate in guard cells
• PHOT1 2 also help
• Main GC blue
• receptor is zeaxanthin!

160

• Phototropins
• Mainly controlled by blue light, but red also
  plays role
• Light intensity is also important due to effect
  on
• photosynthate in guard cells
• PHOT1 2 also help
• Main GC blue
• receptor is zeaxanthin!
• Reason for green reversal

161

• Phototropins
• Mainly controlled by blue light, but red also
  plays role
• Light intensity is also important due to effect
  on
• photosynthate in guard cells
• PHOT1 2 also help
• Main GC blue
• receptor is zeaxanthin!
• Reason for green reversal
• water stress overrides light!

162

• Phototropins
• water stress overrides light roots make Abscisic
  Acid closes stomates blocks opening regardless
  of other signals!