Islamic%20Schools%20of%20Thought%20???????%20Evolution%20and%20Development

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Islamic Schools of Thought ??????? Evolution
and Development

• By A.S. Hashim. MD

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Madhhabs Shia and Sunni
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Statistics as of 1996

• SHIA ....... 282 Millions
• SUNNI
• Hanafi ..... 380 Millions
• Maaliki ........ 305 Millions
• Shafii .. 190 Millions
• Hanbali ......... 52 Millions

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At the Prophets Time

• No Schools of Thought at the Prophets time
• The Prophet did refer to Ali and his Shia on a
  few occasions
• The Companions were called Sahaaba
• The Sahaaba were generic name and of various
  ranks
• Alis adherents were called the Special, or the
  Elite (Al-Khaassah, ??????)

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After the death of the Prophet

• Many Sahaaba adhered to Ali in
• Explanation of the Sunnah and Hadith
• and Interpretation of the Holy Quran.
• Such adherents increased in number gradually
• The adherents were Named Al-Khaassah, ??????
  meaning the distinct, or the special. 
• These people became known as Al-Shi'a. 

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The rest of the Muslim world ??????

• Al-Aammah, ??????   meant the general public
• As Mu'awiya became Khalifa (ruler), he promoted
  the term Al-Jama'ah ???????
• Al-Jama'ah ??????? was used to gain support for
  Muawiya
• About 150 years later, the term Jama'ah was
  modified
• Al-Sunnah wal Jama'ah  ????? ????????. Was used
  up to the 3rd century H.

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When the Madhhabs ??????? were in a flux

• By 3rd century H. the term was changed
• Ahlul Sunnah  ??? ????? replaced ????? ????????
• Ahlul Sunnah  ??? ?????  was used for the four
  Sunni Schools of Thought.
• By the year 250H the four Sunni Schools were
  popularized and patronized by
• the Abbasi government,
• their own enthusiasts

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The existing Schools of Thought by this stretch
of time were

• Shia or Ja'fari, as headed by Imam Al-Saadiq.
• Sunni
• Hanafi, as headed by Abu Hanifa
• Maaliki, as headed by Malik Ibn Anas.
• Shafi'i, as headed by Ibn Idrees Al-Shafi'i.
• Hanbali, as headed by Ahmad Ibn Hanbal.

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Shia al-Madhhab al-Jafari and Imam Jafar
Al-Saadiq
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Imam Jafar Al-Saadiq
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Sunni-Shia NowadaysSunni in pink and Shi'a in
Red
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What is Shii and What is Sunni?

•  
• A Shi'i is a devotee of the Prophets Sunnah as
  passed down by Ahlul Bayt
• A Sunni is a person who follows mostly the Sunnah
  of the Prophet as passed down by the Sahaaba

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The Shii Person

• A devotee of Sunnah of the Prophet as taught by
  Ahlul Bayt. 
• Ahlul Bayt are the family of Muhammad
• A Shi'i regards teaching of Ahlul Bayt as most
  authentic
• A Shi'i believes in Imamah, as
• Divinely Commissioned, and
• Specified by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). 
• A Shi'i believes in Ismah ????

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Ismah ????

• Ismah means Allah has shielded the Prophets and
  the Designated Imams from
• Sin,
• Religious Error, and
• Forgetfulness.

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Sunni

• A Sunni follows Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad as
  passed down by Sahaaba and Scholars. 
• Sunnah of some Khulafaa is said to be included in
  their teachings. 
• A Sunni does not believe in Imamah.
• A Sunni does not believe in Ismah of the Imams.

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Up to 150 years after the Prophet

• The only evolving School of Thought was the Shi'a
  school
• It was passed down by Imam Ali, and the Golden
  Chain of Narration
• The Golden Chain of Narration consisted of Ali,
  Al-Hasan, Al-Husain, Zainul Abideen, Al-Baaqir,
  and Al-Saadiq
• Later they included the 12 Imams

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The Golden Chain of Narration

• The Imams were the direct lineage of Prophet
  Muhammad.
• Quotes of the Imams were regarded the same as
  those of the Prophet
• The Shi'a would acknowledge narrations by other
  sources, as long as those narrations were
  confirmed by Ahlul Bayt

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The Golden Chain of Narration

• Thousands of Hadiths were narrated and quoted by
  Ahlul Bayt
• Each Imam said,
• "My Hadith is the Hadith of my father, and his is
  the Hadith of his father, up to Ali, who directly
  narrated the Hadith from Prophet Muhammad " 
• This is the Golden Chain of Narration. ??????
  ???????
• These Hadiths were of immense importance, since
  they corrected the inaccuracies and set right the
  corruption that crept into this science.   

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The Golden Chain of Narration
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The Vanished Schools of Thought

1. Madh'hab of Al-Thawri renowned for 2 centuries
2. Madh'hab of Ibn U'yainah, renowned for 3
   centuries
3. Madh'hab of Aw'zaa'i, followed for more than one
   century.
4. Madh'hab of Dawood Ibn Ali Al-Dhaahiri, followed
   for several centuries. 

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Benu Umayya then Benu Abbas

• Ahlul Bayt regarded the government of the time as
  invalid (unlawful) thus, the Opposition
• Consequently, Collision with the government
  caused turmoil
• Ahlul Bayt adamantly refrained from playing
  politics with Islam.
• Thus Ahlul Bayt and their devotees suffered
  grievously at the hands of some Khalifas.

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    Al-Madh'hab Al-Ja'fari is

• The general summation of the Fiqh (rules and
  regulations) as taught by Ahlul Bayt,
• Among other things Fiqh deals with
• tawhid, elements of faith,
• elements of worship (pillars of Islam),
• the halal and haram,
• ethics, and dealing with people (Mu'aamalat).

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Al-Saadiq taught

1. Sciences of the Quran and Tafseer, ????? ???????
   ?????????????
2. Fiqh and Jurisprudence
3. Seerah of the Prophet (pbuh),  ?????????
4. Hadith, ??????  
5. Islamic philosophy ??????????? ???????????
6. Science of Kalaam,   ???? ????????
7. Chemistry,  ???????? and Biology  ?????? ????????
   
8. Arabic Language, ????? ?????????? Grammar and
   literary works
9. Arabic literature   ???????????? and
   poetry???????? .

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The Institute graduatesEducational works of
Al-Saadiq versus Al-Baaqir

• During Al-Saadiqs time, 4,000 Scholars
  graduated.
• These Scholars wrote 400 books
• The 400 books were written during his life and
  afterwards, up to 200H.
• The graph shows relative numbers
• This remarkable growth came only when pressure on
  Ahlul Bayt eased off

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The Connection
Al-Saadiq
Abu Hanifa
Al-Maaliki
Abu Yusuf and Al-Sheibani
Al-Shafii
Al-Hanbali
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al-Madhhab al-HanafiAbu Hanifa
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Al-Madh'hab Al-Hanafi 

• Consists of the Fiqh rules and regulations as
  taught by Abu Hanifa.  It deals with
• tawhid, elements of faith,
• elements of worship (pillars of Islam),
• the halal and haram,
• ethics, dealing with people (Mu'aamalat).

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Features of Al-Madh'hab Al-Hanafi 

• Tends to put more emphasis on
• Qiyas  ????????? (Analogy) and
• Raa'y  ??????? (personal opinion)
• than an emphasis on Hadith choices, and the
  deductions therefrom. 

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Reason for Hanafis spread

• Spread 20-30 Yrs after Abu Hanifa had died
• Role of Abu Yusuf and Haroon al-Rasheed
• Supported as a counterweight to Ahlul Bayt
  influence
• Sheibani prolific writings
• During the Ottoman's times, since only Hanafi
  allowed Khilaafah for Turks (non-Arab)

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al-Madhhab al-MaalikiMalik ibn Anas
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Al-Madh'hab Al-Maaliki

• Consists of the Fiqh as taught by Malik Ibn
  Anas.  It deals with
• tawhid, elements of faith,
• elements of worship (pillars of Islam),
• the halal and haram,
• ethics, dealing with people (Mu'aamalat).

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Features of Al-Madh'hab Al-Maaliki

• Emphasizes the authenticity of the Hadith  ???
  ?????? , the care in its selection, and the
  deductions there from. 
• Also used some degree of Qiyas (Analogy) and
  Raa'y (Personal opinion).
• It began its popularity in the last quarter of
  the 2nd century H.

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Reason for its Spread

• Spread Al-Mansoors Support, to counterweigh the
  influence of Ahlul Bayt
• Appointing him as Chief Justice in Medina
• Writing Fiqh book, on condition not to mention
  Imam Alis name even once.
• Spread in Andalusia and North Africa with the
  help of Government

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al-Madhhab al-ShafiiAl-Shafii
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Al-Madh'hab Al-Shafi'i 

• Consists of the Fiqh as taught by Al-Shafi'i
• It deals with
• tawhid, elements of faith,
• elements of worship (pillars of Islam),
• halal and haram,
• ethics, dealing with people (Mu'aamalat).

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Features of Al-Madh'hab Al-Shafi'i

• Uses some of the ways of Al-Maaliki or Hanafi
  Madh'hab, i.e. less Qiyas or Raa'y
• Excels in technique of Istin'baat  ?????????
  (deductive reasoning)
• Spread Al-Shafi'i School of Thought began its
  popularity around 190H and picked up steam in the
  century that followed.

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Al-Madhhab Al-HanbaliIbn Hanbal
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Al-Madh'hab Al-Hanbali

• Consists of the Fiqh as taught by Ahmad Ibn
  Hanbal. 
• It deals with
• tawhid, elements of faith,
• elements of worship (pillars of Islam),
• halal and haram,
• ethics, dealing with people (Mu'aamalat).

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Features of Al-Madh'hab Al-Hanbali

• It emphasizes taking the Hadith literally
  (blindly) to such an extent that they were called
  As'haab Al-Hadith ???????? ????????. 
• It has almost no use for Qiyas (Analogy) or Raa'y
  (personal opinion).
• Ahlul Hadith ??? ?????? were known long time
  before, but As'haab Al-Hadith was the result of
  its evolution.

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Heads of Sunni Madhhabs
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USOOL (FOUNDATION) OF FIQH
Shia Sunni Sunni Sunni Sunni
Jafari Hanafi Maaliki Shafii Hanbali
1. Quran, 2. Sunnah, 3. Al-Aql (sound reasoning or perception of the Ja'fari Fiqh Specialists), 4. Ij'maa (consensus of the religious scholars, not to be exclusive of the Imams' teachings). 1. Quran, 2. Sunnah, 3. Ij'maa (consensus of the religious scholars), 4. Qiyas (analogy of decision), through the following steps Istih'san (equity), Urf (common knowledge), 5. Raa'y (personal opinion). 1. Quran, 2. Sunnah, 3.Ij'maa (consensus of the religious scholars) 4.Qiyas (analogy), through the following steps a. Istih'san (equity), b. Urf (common knowledge), c. Consensus of Medina U'lamaa, d. Massaa'lih Mursala (public interest), e. Sad al-Dhari'ah. 1. Quran, 2. Sunnah, 3. Ij'maa' (consensus of the religious scholars) 4. Qiyas (analogy of decision). 1. Quran, 2. Sunnah, 3. If'taa of Sahaaba (Companions), 4. Preference of weak Hadith over Qiyas (analogy), 5. Qiyas (analogy of decision), through the following steps a. Istis'haab, (association), b. Massaa'lih Mursala (public interest), c. al-Dharaa'i.
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Salafisim
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Salafisim-Jihadists
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Names and pictures of Wahhabi and Deobandi
terrorists responsible for global terrorism since
9/11
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Islam is Love, Peace, and Prayers
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Finally Let us Read Surah al-Asr Together
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Be in Allahs Care

• Thank you and May God Bless you.
• Dr. A.S. Hashim