Animals

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Animals
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Introduction to Animals
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Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
Phylum Examples Evolutionary Milestone
Porifera sponges multicellularity
Cnidaria jellyfish, hydra, coral tissues
Platyhelminthes flatworms bilateral symmetry
Nematoda roundworms pseudocoelom
Mollusca clams, squids, snails coelom
Annalida earthworms, leeches segmentation
Arthropoda insects, spiders, crustaceans jointed appendages
Echinodermata starfish deuterostomes
Chordata vertebrates notochord
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Invertebrates vs Chordates

• Invertebrates
• Includes 95 of animals
• Includes 33 Phyla
• No vertebral column/backbone
• Chordates
• Includes 5 of animals
• Includes Phylum Chordata
• 4 Characteristics (at some point during life)
• Nerve cord and/or Vertebral Column
• Notchord
• Tail ext. beyond the anus
• Pharyngeal pouches

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Symmetry

• Body Symmetry
• the body plan of an animal, how its parts are
  arranged
• Asymmetry
• no pattern (corals, sponges)
• Radial Symmetry
• shaped like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish)
• Bilateral Symmetry
• has a right and left side (humans, insects, cats,
  etc)

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Germ Layers

• The blastula develops 3 distinct layers, which
  become layers in the organism
• Ectoderm - outer layer of skin, nervous tissue,
  sense organs
• Endoderm - lining of digestive tract, digestive
  and respiratory system
• Mesoderm - skeleton, muscles, excretory system

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Body Cavity

• Coelom
• Fluid filled cavity in the mesoderm that is lined
  with mesodermal tissues
• Pseudocoelom
• Partially filled with mesoderm
• Acoelomate
• Have no bodycavity

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Cephalization

• Cephalization
• an anterior concentration of sense organs (to
  have a head)

 
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Cephalization Cont.

• Anterior - toward the head
• Posterior - toward the tail
• Dorsal - back side
• Ventral - belly side

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Types of Feeders

• Filter Feeders
• Strain food from water
• Detritivores
• Feed on decaying plants/animals
• Carnivores
• Eat other animals
• Herbivores
• Eat plants
• Omnivore
• Eats both animals and plants
• Nutritional Symbionts
• Depend on another species

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Digestion

• Intracellular
• Use cells to digest food
• Used by less complex animals
• Extracullular
• Use a digestive system to digest food
• Used by more complex animals

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Mammal Digestive

• Esophogas Connects mouth to stomach
• Stomach Breaks down food
• Small Intestine Digests nutrients from food
• Large Intestine Absorbs water

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Mammal Digestive

• Rectum/Anus food exit
• Liver filters blood, produces bile
• Gallbladder stores bile
• Pancreas breaks down carbs/fats/proteins
• Regulates blood sugar

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Respiration

• All animals exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide
• Types of Respiration
• Skin Respiration oxygen/carbon dioxide diffuse
  across thin membranes
• Gills
• Lungs

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Mammal Respiratory

• Trachea allows air in
• Lungs exchanges oxygen/with CO2 from
  bloodstream

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Circulation

• Open
• Blood is only partially contained in blood
  vessels
• Closed
• Blood is contained within blood vessels
• Types of Close
• Single Loop
• Single pump that forces blood in 1 direction
• Double Loop
• Double loop, double pump

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Mammal Cardiovascular

• Heart pumps blood
• Arteries oxygenated blood away from heart
• Veins deoxygenated blood to heart

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Response/Nervous

• Neurons
• Nerve cells
• Stimulus
• Something in the environment that causes neurons
  to react
• Sensory Neurons
• Specialized neurons that vary from animal to
  animal
• Response
• A reaction to a stimulus

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Types of Nervous Systems

• Nerve Nets, Nerve Cords Ganglia
• Simple nervous system
• Heads
• Cephalized animals have grouped neurons that form
  cerebral ganglia in the head region
• Brains
• Cerebral ganglia are further organized into a
  brain

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Nervous

• Brain control center
• Cerebrum thinking region
• Cerebellum Movement and balance
• Medulla Oblongata controls internal organs
• Spinal Cord sends signals to rest of body from
  brain

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Excretion

• 2 Ways Animals Excrete
• Eliminate ammonia from body quickly
• Convert it into other, less toxic, nitrogenous
  compounds

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Urinary

• Kidney filters blood creates urine
• Ureter passes urine from kidneys to bladder
• Bladder holds urine
• Urethra removes urine from body

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Reproduction

• Asexual
• 1 parent
• Benefit Can reproduce quickly
• Drawback Less genetic diversity
• Sexual
• 2 parents
• Benefit Increased genetic diversity
• Drawbacks Both genders must be present, takes
  more time

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Human Reproductive - Male

• Testis creates sperm
• Ductus Deferens moves sperm from testes to
  penis
• Prostate Gland male hormones

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Human Reproductive Female

• Ovaries Holds/releases eggs
• Fallopian Tube passes eggs from ovaries to
  uterus
• Uterus implantation of egg occurs here/houses
  baby

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Movement and Support

• Skeletal For Support
• Hydrostatic Fluid Filled Cavity
• Exoskeleton External Skeleton
• Endoskeleton Internal Skeleton
• Muscles For Movement

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Behavior

• Behavior the way an organism reacts to stimuli
  in its environment
• Innate behaviors Behaviors you are born with
• Suckling of a newborn mammal
• Weaving of a spider web

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Behavior

• Learned Behaviors acquiring changes in behavior
  during a lifetime
• Habituation animal decreases or stops its
  response to a repetitive stimulus that neither
  rewards or harms the animal

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Complex Behaviors

• Complex Behaviors Combination of innate and
  learned
• Imprinting Acquiring behavioral characteristics
  from parents

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Social Behaviors

• Courtship behavior during which members of one
  sex (usually males) advertise their willingness
  to mate and the other sex chooses which mate they
  will accept

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Social Behaviors

• Competition competing for the same resources
  (food, water, space, etc.)
• Aggression threatening behaviors that one
  animal uses to exert dominance over another

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Social Behaviors

• Society a group of animals of the same species
  that interact closely and often cooperate
• Bees
• PBS Bees
• Bees - David Attenbourgh
• Ants

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Communication

• Visual signals use eyes
• Squid change color to broadcast signals
• Male/female color patterns
• Fireflies send light signals
• Chemical signals insects, fish, mammals
• Pheromones chemical messengers that affect the
  behavior of other individuals of the same species
  (mark territories or mating)

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Communication

• Sound signals
• Bottlenose dolphins each have a signature
  whistle that informs others who is sending the
  message
• Bird calls

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Language

• Language combines sound, signals and gestures
  according to rules about sequence and meaning
• Elephants, primates, dolphins
• Dolphin learns sign language
• Chimps Hunting Monkeys

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Invertebrates
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Characteristics of Sponges

• Sponges
• Simplest animals, multicellular
• No organs or body systems
• Cellular digestion
• Asymmetry
• Filter Feeders Sessile (do not move)
• Reproduce sexually (sperm and eggs)
• Reproduce asexually (regeneration)
• Skeleton composed of spongin (soft) and spicules
  (hard)

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Sponge Anatomy

• Amebocytes
• Moving cells that supply nutrients and take away
  waste
• Choanocytes (collar cells)
• layer of cells with flagella
• the movement of the flagella keeps a water
  current going in the sponge
• food vacuoles in the collar cells digest plankton
  and other small organisms (filter feeder)
• Oscula
• large opening at top of sponge, water exits
• Pores
• small openings at the side, water enters
• Gemmules
• Groups of archaeocytes surrounded by a tough
  layer of spicules.

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Cnidarians

• Examples Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral,
  Portuguese man of war
• Characteristics of Cnidarians
• Tentacles
• Cnidocytes (stinging cells)
• Nematocysts (barbs)
• Gastrovascular cavity (digestion)
• Most are radial symmetry, some have asymmetry
  (corals)

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Cnidarian Body Forms

• 2 Body Forms
• Polyp - Medusa

 
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Porifera vs. Cnidaria

• Put the words with the correct phylum
• Sessile
• Tentacles
• Radial Symmetry
• Nematocyts (barbs)
• Asymmetry
• Spiculum
• Cnidocytes (stinging cells)
• Reproduces both sexually/asexually
• Osculum
• Sponges
• Jellyfish
• Coral
• Man of War

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Platyhelminthes - Flatworms

• General Description Flatworms are soft flat
  worms with tissues and organ systems (are
  cephalized).
• Symmetry Bilateral
• Feeding
• Free Living carnivores that eat tiny aquatic
  animals. Food passes through mouth into pharynx
  then into gastrovascular cavity where digestion
  occurs.
• Parasitic Feed on blood of host, lets host
  digest food for them.

 
 
 
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Platyhelminthes Flatworms Cont.

• Circulation
• Diffusion
• Excretion
• Removed using Flame Cells through tiny pores in
  the skin
• Response
• Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to
  nerve cords
• Movement
• Cilia muscle cells
• Reproduction
• Hermaphrodites (has both sex organs)
• Respiration
• Diffusion

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Flatworm Examples

• Turbellarians
• Free-living marine or freshwater flatworms
  includes planaria)
• Flukes
• Parasitic flatworms that infect internal organs
  in the host
• Pass from one host to the next
• Tapeworms
• Flat parasitic forms that live within the
  digestive tracks of their host.
• Can grow up to 40 ft. long
• Attach with hooks suckers

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Nematoda - Roundworms

• General Description Unsegmented worms with
  pseudocoeloms and digestive systems with a mouth
  an anus.
• Symmetry Bilateral
• Feeding
• Carnivores or detrivores
• Circulation
• Diffusion
• Excretion
• Diffusion

 
 
 
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Nematoda - Roundworms

• Response
• Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to
  nerve cords
• Sensory organs that detect chemicals
• Movement
• Muscle cells (length of bodies) contract to move
• Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction (most have separate males
  females)
• Internal Fertilization
• Respiration
• Diffusion

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Roundworm Examples

• Trichinosis-Causing Worms
• Cause trichinosis
• Live in intestines of host
• Invade hosts organs and muscle tissue
• Filarial Worms
• Line in blood/lymph vessels
• Transmitted through biting insects
• Cause elephantitis
• Ascarid Worms
• Cause malnutrition, spread by eating vegetables
• Hookworms
• Live in soil and hook onto feet of host, burrow
  into skin and enter bloodstream
• Suck hosts blood in lungs and intestines causing
  weakness

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Annelida

• General Description Segmented worms with a true
  coelem lined with mesoderm.
• Symmetry Bilateral
• Feeding
• Filter feeders and carnivores
• Earth worm crop (storage) and gizzard (grinds
  food)
• Circulation
• Closed circulatory system (blood vessels
  hearts)
• 2 main vessels dorsal ventral
• Excretion
• Solid waste through the anus
• Fluid waste removed by nephridia (excretory
  organs)

 
 
 
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Annelida

• Response
• Nervous system brain and nerve chords
• Adaptations sensory tentacles, chemical
  receptors and statyoysts (gravity)
• Movement
• 2 major groups of body muscles (alternately
  contract the 2)
• Longitudinal Muscles
• Contract to make worm shorter
• Circular Muscles
• Contract to make worm longer/thinner
• Marine annelida have parapodia (paddlelike
  appendages)

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Annelida

• Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction
• External Fertilization
• Some are hermaphrodites some have separate sexes
• Clitellum forms protective cocoon over fertilized
  eggs
• Respiration
• Aquatic have gills
• Nonaquatic breathe through their skin
• Cuticle keeps skin moist so that respiration
  can occur

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Annelida Examples

• Oligochates
• Live in soil or freshwater
• Includes earthworms
• Leeches
• External parasites (feed on blood of host)
• Polychates
• Marine annelids

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Molluska

• General Description Soft bodied animals with an
  internal or external shell
• Symmetry Bilateral
• Body Plan
• Foot - contains mouth
• Mantle tissue that covers the body like a cloak
• Shell glands in the mantle secrete calcium
  carbonate to make the shell.
• Visceral mass contains internal organs
• Feeding
• Herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders,
  detrivores, or parasites.

 
 
 
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Molluska

• Circulation
• Open or closed circulatory system
• Excretion
• Nephridia (remove ammonia from blood release
  outside of the body)
• Response
• Clams/shelled mollusks simple ganglia
• Octupi complex w/brain

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Mollusks

• Movement
• Varies
• Octupi uses a siphon to propel themselves
  forward
• Reproduction
• Sexually external fertilization or internal
  fertilization depending on the mollusk.
• Respiration
• Aquatic Gils
• Nonaquatic diffusion through mantle cavity

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Molluska

• Gastropods (Snails Slugs)
• Shell-less or single-shelled
• Bivalves (Clams, Oysters, Mussels Scallops)
• 2 shells held together by 1 or 2 powerful muscles
• Cephalopods (Octopi, Squids and Nautiluses)
• Soft bodied with a head attached to a single foot
  that is divided into tentacles or arms.

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25.18 The Spiny-Skinned Echinoderms

• Havespiny skins embedded with interlocking
  spines and plates of calcium carbonate
• Begin life as bilateral larvae and develop into
  spiny-skinned, radial adults
• They are brainless and have a unique
  water-vascular system for locomotion

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Echinoderm Diversity

• Include about 6,000 marine invertebrates
• Echinoderms can regenerate lost body parts
• any portion of a sea star with some of the
  central disc can regrow missing parts
• Respiration gas exchange occur by diffusion
  across the tube feet
• No specialized excretory organs
• Separate sexes with external fertilization

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Phylum Echinodermata

• Includes 5 classes          sea urchins
  sand dollars           brittle stars
            sea cucumbers          
  starfish  (sea star)  
• sea lilies feather stars

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Arthropoda

• General Description
• Segmented body, tough exoskeleton jointed
  appendages
• Symmetry Bilateral
• Body Plan
• Exoskeleton tough external cover made of chitin
  
• Jointed Appendages structures that extend from
  the body such as legs and antennae
• Feeding
• Herbivores, carnivores omnivores
• Mouthparts vary among species to eat specific
  foods

 
 
 
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Arthropoda

• Circulation
• Open circulatory system
• Heart pumps blood through arteries that open up
  into the tissues
• Excretion
• Malpighian Tubules
• Saclike organs that extract wastes from the blood
  then add them to feces
• Response
• Well developed nervous system
• All have brains
• Most have sensory organs (eyes taste receptors
  etc.)
• Growth Development
• Molting arthropods shed their exoskeleton when
  they outgrow them

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Arthropoda

• Movement
• Use muscles controlled by nervous system to flex
  extend
• Reproduction
• Terrestrial internal fertilization
• Aquatic internal or external
• Respiration
• Terrestrial Arthropods
• Tracheal Tubes branching air filled tubes
• Spiracles small opening along the side of the
  body through which air enters
• Spiders
• Book Lungs layers of respiratory tissue
• Aquatic Arthropods
• Gills

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Arthropoda - Crustaceans

• Crustaceans
• Shell-less or single-shelled
• Crabs, crayfish barnicles

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Arthropoda - Chelicerates

• Chelicerates
• Scorpions
• Spiders
• Horseshoe Crab
• Mites

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Arthropoda - Uniramians

• Uniramians
• Grasshopper
• Centipede
• Millipede
• Butterfly
• Bee

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Chordates
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Nonvertebrate Chordates

• 2 Groups of Nonvertebrate Chordates
• Tunicates
• Filter feeding animals that have chordate
  features in the larval stage
• Lancelets
• Fishlike filter feeders

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Fishes

• Jawless Fishes
• Cartilagenous Fishes
• Bony Fishes
• Lobe-Finned Fishes

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Fishes

• Fish
• Aquatic vertebrates characterized by paired fins,
  scales and gills.
• Paired Fins movement
• Scales protection (catfish dont have scales)
• Gills respiration

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Fishes

• Feeding
• Carnivores like barracudas and piranhas,
  Herbivores like carp, Parasites like lampreys.
• Respiration
• Gills feathery fillaments full of capillaries
• Fish pull O2 rich water into mouth and CO2 rich
  water is pumped out under the operculum
  (protective bony cover on the side of the
  pharynx)
• Exception Lungfish lunglike organs

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Fishes

• Circulation
• Closed circulatory system
• Heart
• Made of 2 chambers

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Fishes

• Excretion
• gills and kidneys remove nitrogenous waste
• Response
• Olfactory Lobes sense of smell
• Cerebrum muscle movement, instincs,
  intelligence will power
• Optic Lobes - eyesight
• Cerrebelum muscular coordination
• Medulla Oblongata - involuntary responses
• Spinal Chord nerve impulses to/from brain

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Fishes

• Movement
• Muscles - Alternate contractions
• Fins - stabilizers/direction
• Swim bladder - gas filled organ that adjusts
  buoyancy.

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Fishes

• Reproduction
• Usually external fertilization of eggs.
• Oviparous
• Embryos develop outside the females body
  (trout). Food in egg yolk.
• Ovoviparous
• Females have a live birth (guppies). Yolk in
  eggs in females.
• Viviparous
• Embryos get nourishment directly from the females
  body (sharks)

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Goldfish

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Subphylum Vertebrata
• Class Actinoptergii
• Order Cypriniformes
• Family Cyprinidai
• Genus Carassius
• Species Auratus

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Amphibians

• Amphibian
• Vertebrate that lives in water as a larva and
  land as an adult

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Amphibians

• Feeding
• Tadpoles-filter feeders-algae
• Adults- insects
• Cloaca opening through which poop, urine, eggs
  sperm leave the body

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Amphibians

• Respiration
• Tadpoles skin and gills.
• Adults lungs and skin. Salamanders skin only.
•  Circulation
• 3 chambered heart. Double loop
• Excretion
• kidneys filter blood transferred via the ureters
  to the cloaca and the urinary bladder.

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Amphibians

•  Reproduction
• female lays about 200 eggs in water, male
  fertilizes the eggs, eggs hatch, and tadpoles
  become young frogs. (external fertilization)
• Movement
• larvae- fishlike movement, salamanders walk and
  frogs walk and jump.
• Response
• Brain like a fish
• Nictitating membrane protects eye and keeps it
  moist.
• Tympanic membrane is for hearing.

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Groups of Amphibians

1. Salamanders
2. Frogs and Toads
3. Caelians

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Reptiles

• Reptile
• Vertebrate with dry scaly skin, lungs and
  terrestrial eggs
• Ectotherm animal that cant make its own body
  heat and relies on behavior to control body
  temperatures
• Ex Lay in sun to keep warm

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Reptiles

• Feeding varies
• Respiration lungs
• Circulation Double loop (3-4 chamber heart)
• Excretion
• Kidneys

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Reptiles

• Response Brain like amphibian
• Reproduction Internal Fertilization
• Oviparous (most)
• Amniotic Egg an egg with a yolk sac shell
  that protects egg from drying out

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Groups of Reptiles

• Lizards Snakes
• Crocodilians
• Turtles Tortoises
• Tuatara
• like a lizard but doesnt have external ears and
  has a third eye

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Birds

• Birds
• Reptilelike animals that maintain constant body
  temperature, have feathers, wings two legs
  covered with scales
• Endotherm
• Can make control their own body heat

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Birds

• Feeding gain by eating food
• Crop stores food
• Gizzard grinds food
• Respiration (1 way)
• Air Sacs air first enters here before going
  into the lungs
• Breathing Tubes air is exhaled out of the
  breathing tubes

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Birds

• Circulation
• 4 chambered heart
• Excretion kidneys
• Response
• Large brain
• Movement
• Many can fly
• Reproduction
• Amniotic eggs like reptiles

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Groups of Birds

• Pelicans
• Parrots
• Perching Birds sparrows, crows etc.
• Birds of Prey eagle, hawks, owls
• Cavity-Nesting Birds toucans, woodpeckers
• Herons
• Ostriches

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Mammals

• Common Characteristics
• Have Hair
• Feed young with milk from mammary glands
• Breathe Air
• 4-Chambered Hearts
• Endotherms (generate their own body heat)
• Take care of their young
• SEE INTRO SECTION FOR MORE INFO ABOUT BODY SYSTEMS

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