Industrial Revolution

1
Industrial Revolution

• Pre-Industrial Society
• Mostly rural
• Agriculture based on 3 field system w/ one fallow
  field each year
• Forces for change
• Growing population
• Need for more food

2
Agrarian Improvements

• Enclosure movement
• Fencing around landowners property
• Landowners gained wealth peasants became poorer
• Crops could vary without having to conform to the
  rest of the village
• Crop Rotation
• Rotate crops among fields to restore nutrients to
  the soil
• No more fallow fields
• More crops, more food, more people
• Advancements in farming tools seed drill
• New crops corn and potato

3
Dev. Of Capitalism and Early Industry

• Goal of industrial production
• lessen the unit cost of production through
  improved technology
• Capitalism offers incentive to the growing
  industries
• Cottage Industry/Domestic System
• 1st seen in textiles
• Merchants supply the wool cotton Women spin
  that into cloth at home
• Effects
• Large income for new merchant class
• New income for peasants
• Familiar products now cheaper due to division of
  labor and specialization

4
The Rise of the Factory

• Cottage Industry couldnt keep up with demand for
  textiles
• Development of new machines too big to fit in the
  home
• Dev. Of Water frame
• water as a source of energy
• All early factories located on water
• An entrepreneur gathered hundreds of workers
  under one roof
• Paid on a single pay scale
• Worked on a single, repetitive part of the
  production process
• All decisions in the hands of the employer who
  controlled the factory
• Other power sources coal and iron

5
Why Britain?-The Birthplace of the Revolution

• Geography
• Good climate, natural resources, separate from
  Europe and European conflicts
• Government
• Encouraged trade, allowed peasants to move,
  funded canals and roads
• Social Factors
• Society less rigid, allowed for elevation
• Colonial Empire
• Supplied raw materials and markets for goods
• Advantages of Industrializing 1st
• No competition and monopoly on technology
• Effects of Textile Factories in Great Britain
• Prices of mass produced items were lower
• More jobs
• Increased population
• Urbanization
• Immigration

6
Steam Energy

• James Watt (1760s)
• Dev. As a response to the need for more power
• Factories can now be located away from water
• Requires coal
• Increased mining, led to more jobs
• Iron industry develops
• Machinery, railways
• Later leads to steel and the modernization of
  building
• By 1860s, industry had spread to Belgium, France,
  Prussia, Italy, and the U.S.

7
Spread of the Industrial Revolution

• Industry spread slowly during the 18th early
  19th centuries
• No other country had Englands combination of
  advantages
• England protected industrial techniques as state
  secrets
• Napoleons wars prevented Europe from
  industrializing

8
Advancements

• Transportation
• Paved roads
• Canals
• Railroads (1829)
• The result of steam power
• Effects cheaper transportation, increased
  profit, fueled other industries including coal,
  iron, steel, tourism
• Engine Daimler (1885)
• Planes Wright brothers (1903)
• Communication
• Telegraph Morse (1837)
• Telephone Bell (1876)
• Electricity
• Edison factories can now run at night

9
Impact of Industrialization on Society

• Dev. Of a working class
• Poor factory conditions led to change in labor
  laws
• Child labor
• Inequality of labor
• Dev. of Big Business, Corporations, Business
  Cycle
• Led to organized labor and labor unions
• Socialism and Communism
• Karl Marx history is a class struggle between
  the haves and the have-nots
• The working class should seize control
• The society as a whole would own everything