Fundamentals of Programming with

1
Fundamentals of Programming with C

• An overview of
• General Computer Programming Concepts, Techniques
  and Tools
• Using C as an implementation computer
  programming language
• A general and basic coverage of main C
  programming constructs and capabilities,
  strengths and weaknesses
• Next step...

2
Programming Fundamental Concepts (1 of 2)

• SDLC
• Process
• Documentation
• Program Structure
• program data logic (algorithm)
• modular
• a main program other modules
• function vs. procedure/subroutine
• Programming Style
• header

3
Programming Fundamental Concepts (2 of 2)

• comments separate vs. in-line
• specifications
• Program Development Process and Environment
• editor
• compiler
• link/build
• run
• debug
• IDE - a modern environment

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C Programming Language - The ABC (1 of 9)

• C Programming Language Goals
• BCPL, B, C
• why C
• portability
• modularity, block structure
• efficiency
• compactness
• mid-to-high level language
• for professional programmers
• standardized

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C Programming Language - The ABC (2 of 9)

• C Program Structure
• header files
• pre-processing directives
• declarations
• data
• functions
• statements
• Declarations
• identifiers
• function names
• key or reserved words

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C Programming Language - The ABC (3 of 9)

• Statements
• termination character
• grouping statements within a block
• sequential vs. nested blocks
• module size and complexity
• Values and Variables
• variables vs. constants
• types
• simple or primitive
• complex

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C Programming Language - The ABC (4 of 9)

• numbers
• 10, 2, 8, and 16 radix
• representation
• conversion
• memory allocation
• variable declaration vs. initialization
• type matching
• type conversion
• local vs. global variables
• scoping

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C Programming Language - The ABC (5 of 9)

• Expressions
• Components
• variables and constants
• operands and operators
• evaluation rules
• Assignment
• lvalue vs. rvalue
• side effects
• oranges vs. apples
• safe programming
• hard-coded vs. parameterized

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C Programming Language - The ABC (6 of 9)

• I/O
• Output statement
• parameters
• conversion specifications
• fields
• width
• justification
• precision
• escape sequence
• safe programming
• Input statement
• parameters
• conversion specifications

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C Programming Language - The ABC (7 of 9)

• fields
• width
• justification
• precision
• escape sequence
• safe programming
• Named constants
• How and why?
• conversion
• const declarations
• safety rules

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C Programming Language - The ABC (8 of 9)

• pre-processor macros
• rules
• safety rules
• when and how to use them
• Functions
• declaration vs. definition
• prototyping
• naming convention
• arguments/parameters
• formal
• actual
• order and type matching

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C Programming Language - The ABC (9 of 9)

• return value
• return
• declaration
• type
• examples

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Intermediate C Programming Concepts (1 of 6)

• Expression
• relational operators
• logical operators
• evaluation expressions
• logical values of expressions
• Boolean logic - truth tables
• Structured Programming
• spaghetti code
• Hoare, Dijkstra, Dahl, Jacopinni
• sequence, decision (selection), looping
  (iteration)

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Intermediate C Programming Concepts (2 of 6)

• Fundamental Statements
• while statement
• structure
• initialization
• condition
• iteration
• execution
• special cases
• nesting
• do statement
• structure
• initialization

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Intermediate C Programming Concepts (3 of 6)

• condition
• iteration
• execution
• special cases
• nesting
• for statement
• structure
• initialization
• condition
• iteration
• execution
• special cases
• nesting

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Intermediate C Programming Concepts (4 of 6)

• Increment and Decrement Operators
• why and how
• meaning and significance
• example
• Decision/Selection Statement
• structure
• initialization
• condition
• execution
• special cases
• if-else

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Intermediate C Programming Concepts (5 of 6)

• nesting
• Switch and Break Statements
• why and how
• structure
• initialization
• condition
• execution through selection
• break statement
• special cases
• nesting

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Intermediate C Programming Concepts (6 of 6)

• Conditional Operator
• why and how
• execution
• special cases
• Comma Operator
• why and how
• execution
• special cases
• I/O Redirection

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More Intermediate Topics (1 of 4)

• Types and Conversions
• bit, byte, and memory addresses
• byte size and order
• word and word size
• memory addressing mechanism
• alignment
• Signed and unsigned values
• Type Representations
• Integer int
• signed vs. unsigned
• short and long

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More Intermediate Topics (2 of 4)

• Character char
• constants const
• escape sequences
• float
• double
• long double
• Extending the Simple/Primitive Types (Complex
  Data Types)
• typedef
• size_t
• sizeof operator and portability issue

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More Intermediate Topics (3 of 4)

• enumerated type enum
• bitfields and low level programming
• Type Conversion
• why and how
• casting
• promotion
• demotion
• implicit vs. explicit conversions
• conversion during assignment and initialization

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More Intermediate Topics (4 of 4)

• Passing Arguments to Functions
• void type
• type casting
• Formatting Strings
• width and precision
• printing characters
• printing integers
• printing floating-point
• printf and scanf revisited

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Complex Data Types Pointers and Arrays (1 of 5)

• Complex Data Types
• One-dimensional Arrays
• declaration and naming convention
• initialization
• explicit
• implicit
• manual vs. iteration
• processing, parsing, update
• boundary checking

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Complex Data Types Pointers and Arrays (2 of 5)

• Pointers
• declaration
• indirection operator
• address-Of operator
• const in pointer declaration
• pointers arithmetic
• Pointers and Arrays
• Pointers and Function Arguments
• Pointers to arguments
• Pointers to functions

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Complex Data Types Pointers and Arrays (3 of 5)

• Multi-way selection with Function Pointers
• Special cases
• pointers to void
• pointer conversions
• the Null pointer
• reading and printing integers
• Multi-dimensional Arrays
• declaration and naming convention
• initialization
• explicit
• implicit

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Complex Data Types Pointers and Arrays (4 of 5)

• manual vs. iteration
• processing, parsing, update
• boundary checking
• possible mistakes
• More about Identifiers and Objects
• Name Spaces
• Scope and Visibility of Identifiers

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Complex Data Types Pointers and Arrays (5 of 5)

• Storage type
• automatic
• volatile
• static
• register
• File level vs. Block level
• separate compilation

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Strings Processing (1 of 5)

• Strings
• Pointer arithmetic
• string vs. array
• null terminator
• declaration and naming convention
• initialization
• explicit
• implicit
• manual vs. iteration
• processing, parsing, update
• boundary checking

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Strings Processing (2 of 5)

• Functions for Strings Processing
• strcpy
• strlen
• strcmp
• I/O of Characters and Strings
• scanset specifiers
• printset specifiers
• I/O for arbitrary streams
• strings vs. streams
• stdin and stdout

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Strings Processing (3 of 5)

• Functions for Character (I/O) Processing
• string.h library
• getchar
• putchar
• getc
• putc
• fgetc
• fputc

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Strings Processing (4 of 5)

• Return errors for printf and scanf
• EOF
• ctype.h library
• Functions for Strings (I/O) Processing
• gets
• puts
• fgets
• fputs

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Strings Processing (5 of 5)

• Dynamic Memory Management
• malloc
• calloc
• realloc
• free
• Sorting Algorithms and Strings
• qsort
• bubble sort
• Function Macros
• declaration and naming convention
• definition and implementation

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Advanced Data Types (2 of 2)

• Structures
• why and how
• declaration and naming convention
• referring to individual elements
• examples complex numbers definition and
  operations
• arrays and pointers
• searching algorithms
• information retrieval
• linked lists
• binary trees
• balancing trees

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Advanced Data Types (2 of 2)

• Unions
• why and how
• declaration and naming convention
• referring to individual elements
• examples
• Bitfields
• why and how
• declaration and naming convention
• referring to individual elements
• operations for bit manipulation
• bitwise logical operators
• shift operators
• examples

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Fundamental File Processing (1 of 3)

• Steams and Files
• Files
• organization
• layout
• access
• buffering
• processing
• Streams
• buffering
• flushing
• file-position indicator
• end-of-file indicator

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Fundamental File Processing (2 of 3)

• Handlers
• C File Processing
• declaration
• opening type
• closing
• Binary files
• declaration
• opening
• read and write
• Direct Access
• declaration
• opening

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Fundamental File Processing (3 of 3)

• read and write
• controlling buffers
• Error handling
• Read from and write to Strings
• Special Functions
• varying number of arguments
• program parameters
• More on Pre-Processor Directives
• Conditional

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Appendices

• Keywords
• Operator Precedence and Associativity
• MS-DOS Memory Models and low-level programming