Everyday Use Chapter 2 Summary

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Canons of Rhetoric
• Invention
• Arrangement
• Style
• Memory
• Delivery

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Rhetoric at Work Context and the three appeals
• Text always has a context
• Text uses appeals to convey information and to
  influence thinking.
• Logos embodied thought
• Ethos good-willed credibility
• Pathos feelings (sympathy and empathy)

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Rhetoric at Work Context and the three appeals
• Canons suggest strategies to be used in making
  appeals.
• Invention generate material that is clear,
  forceful, convincing, and emotionally appealing
• Arrangement, Style, Delivery put material into
  structures, patterns, and formats that are
  understandable help reader see you as credible
• Memory tap into memories and cultural
  associations show the reader you are one of them

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention
• Latin invenire to find
• Conducting an inventory
• readers take inventory of what is presented
• writers take inventory of what is available
  and put together text

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 1 Journalists Questions
• Who was involved?
• What happened?
• When did it happen?
• Where did it happen?
• Why did it happen?
• How did it happen?
• Look beyond the text for larger issues and
  significance of the events
• Activity on page 38

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Consider the following
• For developing a concept of securing small loans
  to new businesses in developing countries, the
  Bangladeshi economist Mohammed Yunus yesterday
  was awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize.
• Given this lead, what details is the news story
  that follows obligated to unpack for readers?

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 1 Journalists Questions
• Who was involved?
• What happened?
• When did it happen?
• Where did it happen?
• Why did it happen?
• How did it happen?
• Look beyond the text for larger issues and
  significance of the events
• Activity on page 38

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 2 Enthymeme
• People usually write about issues with multiple
  viewpoints.
• Argument a carefully constructed, well-supported
  representation of one perspective.
• Enthymeme a logical argument with an unstated
  premise.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 2 Enthymeme
• Syllogism two premises and a conclusion
• Major premise generalization
• Minor premise particular
• Conclusion follows logically
• A syllogism is airtight if the premises are true

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 2 Enthymeme
• Syllogism examples
• All humans are mortal
• Socrates was human
• Therefore, Socrates was mortal
• Women are wise
• Kate is a woman
• Therefore, Kate is wise

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary (additional
material)

• Deductive Arguments (more about Syllogisms)
• Deduction true premises true conclusions.
• Proper deduction a valid ( but not necessarily
  true) argument.
• Conclusion does not go beyond the premises.
• Deduction offers effective organization

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary (additional
material)

• Deductive Arguments (more about Syllogisms)
• Modus Ponens
• If p, then q.
• p.
• Therefore q.
• Example
• If optimists are more likely to succeed than
  pessimists, then you should be an optimist.
• Optimists are more likely to succeed.
• Therefore, you should be an optimist.
• Be sure to explain and defend premises.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary (additional
material)

• Deductive Arguments (more about Syllogisms)
• Modus Tollens
• If p, then q.
• Not q.
• Therefore not p.
• Example
• If the visitor was a stranger, then the dog
  would have barked.
• The dog did not bark.
• Therefore, the visitor was not a stranger.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary (additional
material)

• Deductive Arguments (more about Syllogisms)
  Hypothetical Syllogism
• If p, then q.
• If q, then r.
• Therefore if p, then r.
• Example
• If you study other cultures, then you realize
  the variety of human customs.
• If you realize the variety of human customs,
  then you question your own customs.
• Therefore, if you study other cultures, then you
  question your own customs.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary (additional
material)

• Deductive Arguments (more about Syllogisms)
• Disjunctive Syllogism
• p or q.
• Not p.
• Therefore q.
• or can be inclusive or exclusive
• Example
• Either we hope for progress by improving morals,
  or we hope for progress by improving
  intelligence.
• We cant hope for progress by improving morals.
• Therefore, we must hope for improvement by
  improving intelligence.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary (additional
material)

• Deductive Arguments (more about Syllogisms)
• Dilemma
• p or q.
• If p, then r.
• If q, then s.
• Therefore r or s.
• Two options, both have equally good or bad
  consequences.
• Example
• Either we say Johns baptism is from heaven or we
  say it is from men.
• If we say it is from heaven, we will be blamed
  for not believing him.
• If we say it is from men, we will be stoned for
  insulting the popular belief about him.
• Therefore we we will be blamed for not believing
  him or we will be stoned for insulting the
  popular belief about him.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary (additional
material)

• Deductive Arguments (more about Syllogisms)
• Reductio ad absurdum.
• Indirect Proof
• To prove p, assume the opposite (not p).
• Argue that from this assumption, wed have to
  conclude q.
• Show that q is false or absurd, therefore p must
  be true.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary (additional
material)

• Deductive Arguments (more about Syllogisms)
• Reductio ad absurdum.
• To prove
• The world does not have a Creator in the way a
  house does.
• Assume the opposite
• The world does have a Creator in the way a house
  does.
• Argue that from the assumption wed have to
  conclude
• The Creator is imperfect (because the world is
  imperfect).
• But
• God (the Creator) cannot be imperfect.
• Conclude
• The world does not have a Creator in the way a
  house does.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 2 Enthymeme
• Enthymeme vs. Syllogism
• the major premise is unstated, but understood
  and accepted
• Women are wise
• Kate is a woman.
• Of course she gave me good advice.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 2 Enthymeme
• But, what if readers dont accept major premise?
• All creatures of the earth play a natural role
  in maintaining the ecological stability of an
  area
• Animals such as contribute to the ecological
  stability of an area near rural property by
  feeding on vegetation and smaller animals
• Animals such as, as creatures of the earth,
  deserve a stable ecological habitat in which to
  live, as humans do.
• Begging the Question writer must convince the
  reader
• Activity on page 46

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Enthymeme Exercises
• Markd ye his words? He would not take the
  crown. Therefore tis certain he was not
  ambitious.
• If he were ambitious, then he would take the
  throne.
• He did not take the crown.
• Therefore he is not ambitious.
• Modus Tollens

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Enthymeme Exercises
• Because Im worth it.
• Those who are worth it (being beautiful) use
  LOreal cosmetics.
• I am worth it.
• Therefore I use LOreal cosmetics.
• Modus Ponens

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Enthymeme Exercises
• One of Soviet Georgias senior citizens thought
  Dannon was an excellent yogurt. She ought to
  know. Shes been eating yogurt for 137 years.
• Soviet Georgias senior citizens eat excellent
  yogurt.
• This senior citizen has been eating Dannon yogurt
  for 137 years.
• Therefore, Dannon yogurt is excellent yogurt.
• Modus Ponens

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Enthymeme Exercises
• This is your brain. This is your brain on
  drugs. Any questions?
• If drugs are like a frying pan, then your brain
  is like an egg.
• If your brain is like an egg, then doing drugs is
  like frying an egg.
• Therefore doing drugs fries your brain like a
  frying pan fries an egg.
• Hypothetical syllogism

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 3 Topics
• Basic Topics
• Possible Impossible if x is possible, so is y
  if x is impossible, so is y.
• Past Fact given all known facts, x probably
  happened
• Future Fact given all known facts, x will
  probably happen
• Greater Less if x is possible, so is greater
  than x if y is possible, so is less than y
• Activity on pages 50-51

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 3 Topics
• Possible Impossible
• Since the scientific community has found cures
  for diseases that were once thought to be a death
  sentence for the victim (such as typhoid,
  diphtheria, or polio), its possible that they
  will one day find a cure for cancer.
• Since extreme geographical regions of our planet
  (such as the polar ice caps or barren deserts)
  show little ability to support life, its
  improbable that we will find life on other
  planets that also have extreme physical
  conditions.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 3 Topics
• Past Fact
• After examining all the evidence, such as
  inconclusive accounts and information about Babe
  Ruths bold personality, you conclude that he did
  indeed call his shot by pointing to the
  outfield fence before hitting a homerun.
• Given all the historical accounts and
  interpretations surrounding the events, Trumans
  true intention in ordering the drop of atomic
  bombs on Japan was to end the war as quickly as
  possible.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 3 Topics
• Future Fact
• Given that history shows that innovative defense
  systems have been constructed for purely
  defensive purposes, you argue that the new Star
  Wars Defense System will be used for defensive,
  rather than offensive, purposes.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 3 Topics
• Greater and Less
• The fact that Texas, a very large and populous
  state, has been successful in implementing a
  rigorous program of testing to increase overall
  student performance shows that the same program
  will be successful in smaller states as well.
• The fact that one school in the district has been
  successful in implementing a math intervention
  program shows that the program will be successful
  district-wide.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 3 Topics
• Common Topics
• Definition distinguish one thing from all others
• Division divide subject into smaller parts
• Compare/Contrast similarities differences
• Relationships relationships between parts
• Circumstances Basic Topics
• Testimony use of experts, authorities, etc.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 3 Topics
• Definition
• In arguing that students with learning
  disabilities should be exempt from taking
  standardized tests, you would need to explain
  what you mean by learning disability by
  describing as fully as possible what you mean
  generally by the word disability, then clarify
  which disabilities specifically hinder a persons
  learning.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 3 Topics
• Division
• In writing a paper about how an actor can
  successfully perform a major role in a play, you
  might divide this topic into two parts how to
  rehearse and how to perform. You might then
  subdivide each of these parts for the how to
  rehearse part, you might divide it into three
  sections how to prepare for rehearsal, how to
  act during rehearsal, and how to debrief with
  your fellow actors after the rehearsal.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 3 Topics
• Compare Contrast
• In preparing a presentation on community service
  opportunities at a particular college, you might
  look at each opportunity and its relation to
  students majors, its relation to college
  education in general, and its proximity to campus
  and accessibility for students.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 3 Topics
• Relationships
• Cause Effect
• Antecedent-Consequent
• Contradictions

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 3 Topics
• Circumstances
• Possible Impossible
• Past Fact
• Future Fact
• Basic Topics

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Invention Strategy 3 Topics
• Testimony
• Research and use primary source documents, and
  interview experts and eyewitnesses to build your
  case.

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Intuitive Invention Strategies Preview
• Free Writing non-stop for a set time
• turn off internal editor
• revise later
• 2. Journaling reading response / prompts
• basis for formal writing
• 3. Conversation know your partners well
• listen well, speak up

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Memory
• How we analyze a text is shaped by prior
  knowledge
• Tap into cultural memory
• Advancements in collective knowledge come through
  writing
• Use mnemonic devices (house analogy)

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Cultural Memory
• Cultural Memory What Every American Should Know
• by E.D. Hirsch
• What do you know about the following
• Lord Kelvin
• Kentucky Derby
• Knock on Wood
• Kangaroo Court
• Kent State University
• KGB
• Nikita Kruschev
• Knee jerk
• Martin Luther King, Jr.
• For the want of a nail, the kingdom was lost

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Everyday UseChapter 2 Summary

• Chapter 2 Review
• Five traditional canons of rhetoric
• Invention, Arrangement, Style, Memory, Delivery
• Invention is both systematic and intuitive
• Use Cultural Memory