Living Things

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Earths Structure and Materials Course 2
Table of Contents 3-5 Sedimentary Rocks Ms. De
Los Rios
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Sedimentary Rocks 3-5

• How Do Sedimentary Rocks Form?
• What Are the Three Major Types of
  Sedimentary Rocks?
• How Are Sedimentary Rocks Formed?

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Vocabulary 3.5

• Sediment- Small, solid pieces of material that
  come from rocks or living things.
• Weathering- the effects of freezing, thawing,
  plant roots, acid and
• other forces on rock that break down the rock
  into fragments.
• Erosion process by which running water, wind, or
  ice carry away the fragments of broken-up rock.
• Deposition- the process by which sediment settles
  out of the water or wind carrying it.
• Compaction- the process that presses sediments
  together
• Clastic Rock- a sedimentary rock formed when
  rock fragments are squeezed together.
• Organic Rock- a sedimentary rock formed with the
  remains of plants and animals are deposited in
  layers.
• Chemical Rock- a sedimentary rock that forms when
  minerals dissolved in a water solution
  crystallize.

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How Do Sedimentary Rocks Form? Pg. 120

• Sediment is small, solid pieces of material that
  come from rocks or living things.
• How do sedimentary rocks form?
• Sedimentary rocks form when sediment is deposited
  by water and wind.
• Most sedimentary rocks are formed through a
  sequence of processes
• weathering
• erosion
• deposition
• compaction
• cementation

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Sedimentary Rocks WEDCC
How Sedimentary Rock Forms Sedimentary rocks form
through a series of processes over millions of
years.
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How Do Sedimentary Rocks Form? Pg. 121

• Rock on Earths surface is constantly broken up
  by weatheringthe effects of freezing and
  thawing, plant roots, acid, and other forces on
  rock.
• After the rock is broken up, the fragments are
  carried away as a result of erosionthe process
  by which running water, wind, or ice carry away
  bits of broken-up rock.
• Deposition is the process by which sediment
  settles out of the water or wind carrying it.
• The process that presses sediments together is
  compaction.
• Cementation is the process in which dissolved
  minerals crystallize and glue particles of
  sediment together.

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What Are The Three Major Types Of Sedimentary
Rocks?

• Geologists classify sedimentary rocks according
  to the type of sediments that make up the rock.
• The 3 major groups of sedimentary rocks are
• Clastic rocks Chemical
  rocks
• Organic rocks
• .

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Clastic Sedimentary Rocks pg 122

• Clastic Rock
• A sedimentary rock formed when rock fragments are
  squeezed together.
• The fragments size vary from clay particles that
  are too small to see without a microscope to
  large heavy boulders.
• How are Clastic rocks classified?
• by the size of the rock particles that make them
  up.
• SOME COMMON CLASTIC ROCKS ARE
• SHALE -Which forms from tiny particles of clay
  which water deposits in thin flat layers
• SANDSTONE-Which forms from sand on beaches, the
  ocean floor, riverbeds and sand dunes
• CONGLOMERATE- forms from rock fragments that
  have rounded edges
• BRECCIA- Forms from rock fragments that have
  sharp edges

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Organic Sedimentary Rocks pg. 123

• Organic rock
• A sedimentary rock that forms where the remains
  of plants and animals are deposited in layers.
• Organic means substances that were once living or
  that were made by living things.
• SOME COMMON ORGANIC ROCKS ARE
• COAL -which is made from the remains of swamp
  plants buried in water. As layers build up, the
  weight squeezes the decaying plants together.
  Over millions of years they slowly change into
  coal.
• LIMESTONE- Which forms in the ocean, where
  coral, clams, and oysters have hard shells or
  skeletons made of the mineral calcite. When they
  die, their shells pile up and over millions of
  years, compaction and cementation change the
  thick sediment into limestone.

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Sedimentary Rocks pg. 123
Organic Rocks How do coal and limestone form?
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks pg. 124

• Chemical rock forms when minerals dissolved in a
  water solution crystallize.
• SOME COMMON CHEMICAL ROCKS ARE
• LIMESTONE-forms when calcite that is dissolved in
  lakes, seas, or underground water comes out of a
  solution and creates crystals.
• ROCK SALT- made from the mineral halite
• which forms by evaporation.

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Apply It! Pg. 124

• These rock towers in Mono Lake, California, are
  made of tufa, a form of limestone. Tufa forms
  from water solutions that contain dissolved
  materials. The towers formed under water. They
  became exposed when the water level in the lake
  dropped as a result of water needs for the city
  of Los Angeles.
• 1. Classify Tufa is a (clastic, organic,
  chemical) sedimentary rock.
• 2. Infer What mineral was dissolved in the
  waters of Mono Lake and later crystallized to
  form the rock towers?
• __________________________________________________
  _____
• 3. Challenge When acid comes into contact with
  calcite, the acid bubbles. How can geologists use
  acid to confirm that the rock towers are made of
  limestone?
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________

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How Are Sedimentary Rocks Used? Pg. 125

• People have used sedimentary rocks throughout
  history for many different purposes, such as
  tools and building materials.
• Guess what Material is the White House made of?
• The White House is made out of sandstone!!!
• Chert and flint were used to make spearheads and
  arrowheads.
• Sandstone and limestone are used as building
  materials because they are both soft enough to be
  cut easily into blocks or slabs.
• Limestone and sandstone are used on monuments and
  buildings.
• Limestone is also used to make cement and steel.

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Figure 4 Hurricane Monument (Islamorada, FL)

• Evaluate the design
• Do the benefits of constructing monuments out of
  limestone outweigh the damage acid rain causes
  them?
• Explain.__________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _________________