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Title: Author: Lu Feng Last modified by: tsk Created Date: 8/29/2000 1:42:06 AM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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1
????
  • ?????????
  • ?????????
  • ??????
  • ??????
  • ??????????
  • ????
  • ???????????
  • ?????????
  • ??????6?

2
????????
  • The Encyclopedia Britannica?????????????????????,?
    ????????????????????????????
  • ?????,????????????????????????????????????????????
    ????????????(?????????????)???,????????????,??????
    ???????????,????????????????????????????????????
    ????????????????,?????????????????

3
???????????(1)
  • ?????????
  • ?????????(Opportunity costs)??????????(Historical
    costs)????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????????
  • ????????????,???????,???????????

4
???????????(2)
  • ?????????
  • ?????????(Explicit costs),??????????????,?????,???
    ?????????(Implicit costs)?????????????????????????
    ????,???????????????????
  • ?????????,??????????????????????,?????????????????
    ???????????,?????????????

5
???????????(3)
  • ??????????
  • ??????????,??(????,??,???)???????????????????????,
    ???????????????,??????(Sunk costs)???????????,???
    ???????????,??????????????,?????????????????????,?
    ?,????????????
  • ??????????????,??????????????????????,????????????
    ???????????????,????????????????????????????

6
??????
  • ????????????????????????????????????????,??,??????
    ????????????????????????
  • ??????????????????????????,???????????????????????
    ?????????????????????????????????????(Variable
    inputs),??????????????(Fixed inputs)?
  • ?????????????????????????????????,?????????????,??
    ???????????,?????????,??????????????

7
??????(1)
  • ????(FC Fixed Cost)??????????????????????????????
    ??????????????????????????,???????????????????????
    ?????????(Overhead Costs)??????????????????,??????
    ????????
  • ????(VC Variable Cost)?????????????????????????,?
    ???????,????????,???????????????
  • ???(TC Total Cost)????????????????(TC FC VC)?

8
??????(2)
  • ????(MC Marginal Cost)?????????????,????(Q1)???
    ????????Q????MC TC???/Q???? VC???/Q?????
  • ????(AC Average Cost)?????????????AC TC / Q
  • ??????(AVC Average Variable Cost)??????????????
    AVC VC /Q
  • ??????(AFC Average Fixed Cost )??????????????AF
    C FC /Q

9
???????????
10
???????????????
11
?????????
??????????????4??????AFC??????,???????????????????
???,????????????????????????????????U?????,???????
?????,??????????????????U????????????????????
12
??U?????
  • ????????????,??U?????????????
  • ??3???
  • 1,U?????????????
  • 2,U????????U?????????????
  • 3,U????????U????????????

13
????U????????
  • ??????????,????????????????????????,??????????????
    ????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
    ?,?????????????,????????????????,???????,???????
    ???????,?????????????????????????????????,????????
    ??????????????????,??U????????
  • ????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????U?
    ???????

14
MC?AVC????
  • AVC????????????????VC,MC???????????????VC??????
  • 1???????MC?AVC??,?????????????
  • 2?MC???,AVC????MC????VC???????????????,??AVC????M
    C?,??AVC??MC??
  • 3??MC???,AVC?????????MC????????AVC,??MC??,AVC?????
  • 4?MC???AVC??????,??MC??AVC,??AVC?????????,MC?AVC??
    ???????AVC?

15
MC?AVC?AC????
  • 1?AC?AVC?AFC??,??AFC???????,??,??AVC??,AC?????????
    ,MC???,AVC????,??,MC???AC?????
  • 2?MC???,AC?????????MC???????AC,?MC???AC?????MC?AC?
    ?????,??MC??AC,??AC?????MC?????AC?????AC???
  • 3?AVC???AC??????,??,??AC????????,????????AVC??????
    ??,AVC???????AC??,????????????

16
??????(1)
???????????????,??????????????????,??,?????????U?,
????????????????????????????,???????????,?????????
?????????????????
???
17
??????(2)
???????????????????????,?????????U?????????????
???????U?????????????,????????????????????????????
????,????????????????????????????,????????????????
?,????????,???????????????
18
????(1)
  • ?????????????????,????????????????????????????????
    ????????
  • ??????????????????????,???????(Economies of
    Scale)???,???????????????,????????(Diseconomies
    of Scale)????????????????,??????????????????,?????
    ????????,??????????????
  • U???????????????????,?????????????????????????????
    ????????????????

19
????(2)
  • ?????-????(Cost-Output ElasticityEC)????????Ec???
    ????????????????????
  • EC (?C / C ) / (?Q /Q ) (1)
  • (??C????,Q????)
  • ??-??????1?,????1??????????1?????,??????????-????
    ??1?,?????1??????????1?????,???????????-??????1??
    ?????????
  • ????(1)??????-????????????????
  • EC (?C / C ) / (?Q /Q ) (?C / ?Q )
    / (C / Q ) MC / AC
  • ?????????????????????????1?,?AC??????????????????
    ????????????????1?,?AC???????????????????????????
    ????????1????????????????????????????????

20
??????????(2)
  • ????????????????????????,????????????????????????
    ?????????????,????????,??????????????????????,????
    ???????????,???????
  • ??,????????????????????????????????????????,??????
    ???????????????????,?????????????????????,???????
    ???????????????????????????????,???????100?????
    ????
  • ?????????????????????

21
??????????(3)
  • ???????????,??????????????????????????????????,???
    ?????????????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????,????????
    ,??????????????????,????????????????,?????????????
    ?????????????????,???????????

22
????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ?,?????????(economies of scope)?
  • ???????????????????????????????????????,?????????
    ?????????????,?????????????????,???????????,??????
    ????

23
?????????
  • ???????(product transformation curve
    PTC)???????PTC????????(??????)???????????,PTC?????
    ?,??????,??????????????????
  • ?PPC?????,????????????Q1?Q2??????????Q1?Q1????,???
    ??PTC??????????

24
????????
  • ????????????????
  • ????????????????????????(?????????????????????????
    ???????)?
  • ???????????????????????????????????(cross
    marketing)?
  • ???????????????????????????????????????

25
?????????(1)
  • ??????(??????,????????????????????)????????,??????
    ????????????????,?????????????????????????????????
    ??????? ????(learning effects)?
  • ???????????????????????,?????????,???????????????
    ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????????????????????

26
?????????(2)
  • ??????
  • L a b Q-?
  • (L???????????a,b? ? ???,? ???Q?????)
  • ?Q1?,Lab,???????????????Q??, b
    Q-????,??????????Q??????, b Q-??????,???????a?
  • ??????????, ???,??????????? ????Q-??1,?????????
  • 30?????????,???????

27
?????????
  • ????????,????????????,?????????,??????????????????
    ??????,?100???????????1???????????,???????????????
    ????????????????
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