SCIENCE

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SCIENCE

• The goal of science is to understand the world
  around us. This involves curiosity. Asking
  questions is a start

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The Goals of Science

• to investigate and understand nature
• to explain events in nature
• to use those explanations to make useful
  predictions

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Biology

• The study of life
• Living things interact with each other
• example Leaf cutter ants eat fungus
• The seahorse hides in the
• seaweed.

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What part of the food chain are leaf cutter ants?
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Questions?

• What would happen to the jungle floor without
  leaf cutter ants?
• Jungle would be overthrown by fungus and too much
  leaf litter.

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Where is the sea fourse?
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The Environment

• It is important to understand how man impacts the
  environment and then the interaction of all
  living things within it.

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Characteristics of Living Things

• Living things are organized
• All living things are composed of either one
  or more cells.
• Each cell has the program of life called DNA
  that provides all the information needed to
  control the organisms life processes.

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DNA-the code of life
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• Living things make more living things
• Reproduction is essential for the
  continuation of the organisms species.
• A species is a group of organisms that can
  interbreed and produce fertile offspring in
  nature.

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• Living things change during their lives.
• Growth results in an increase in the amount
  of living material and the formation of new
  structures.
• All the changes that take place during the
  life of an organism are known as its development.

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• Living things adjust to their surroundings.
• Organisms live in a constant interface with
  their surroundings which includes the air, water,
  weather, temperature, any other organisms in the
  area.
• Anything in an organisms external or
  internal environment that causes the organism to
  react is a stimulus.
• A reaction to a stimulus is a response.

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• Living things adapt and evolve.
• Any inherited structure, behavior, or
  internal process that enables an organism to
  respond to environmental factors and live produce
  offspring is called an adaptation.
• The gradual change of organisms over a long
  period of time is evolution.

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Scientists study problems and propose solutions
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Understanding Fossil Butte

• 50 million year old fish found at the top of
  Fossil Butte in Wyoming
• Pacific Ocean over 1000 km away
• How did they get there???

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• Before starting an experiment you can form an
  inference. Inference is the ability to use the
  information you have already obtained to help you
  form a hypothesis.
• For example Guess what five items are in the
  shoebox. Use your senses.

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• Observation between you an your partner may vary.
  It can be unreliable.
• For example If there were a car accident with
  10 witnesses, chances are not all will agree on
  what happened.
• Do demonstration.

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Observation

• Based on five senses sight, hearing, taste,
  smell, touch (Record results)
• Quantitative Data numerical
• Ex- how many, how big, how fast
• Qualitative Data descriptive
• Ex color, texture, smell, behavior

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• If an experiment is done enough times it may
  become worthy of becoming a theory. A theory is
  a powerful, time tested concept that make useful
  and predictable predictions about the natural
  world.
• Example The Big Bang Theory

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A Theory in Science

• A very well supported hypothesis
• When a hypothesis has been verified many times by
  different scientists, it becomes a theory
• Redis, Spallanzanis, and Pasteurs experiments
  led to the theory of biogenesis (life comes from
  life)
• Theories explain phenomena in nature

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Spontaneous Generation

• In the past, people thought life could just
  appear from non living matter
• Ex maggots just appear on meat

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Redis Experiment

• 1668 proposed hypothesis that the maggots came
  from flies
• Tested hypothesis by placing meat in jars and
  covering some of the jars
• Everything was controlled (kept the same) except
  the variable (covering jars)

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Redis Experiment
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Types of Variables

• Independent the variable being manipulated
• Redi controlled the covering of the jars
• Dependent the variable that changes in response
  to the independent variable
• The presence of maggots in Redis experiment

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Spallanzanis Experiment

• Tested Redis results
• Boiled to kill microorganisms
• What are the independent and dependent variables??

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Pasteur's Experiment

• Provided final proof that spontaneous generation
  did not occur

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Pasteur's Experiment
Figure 1-11 Pasteurs Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of microorganisms for a year.
Curved neck is removed.
Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
Go to Section
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Pasteur's Experiment

• What was Pasteurs hypothesis?
• Microorganisms would not just appear
• Independent variable?
• Curved neck of flask
• Dependent variable?
• Presence of microorganisms

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• Scientific facts are known to absolutely true
  after hundreds of repetitive trials of an
  experiment.
• Fact The world is round.

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• Myths legends that express basic beliefs(made
  up stories that may be believed)
• There are sewer fairies in the sewers of Las
  Vegas.

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EXAMPLE OF A LAB WRITE-UP

• 1. Define problem
• Why do leaves change color?
• 2. Research
• (Collect 5 sentences about the subject being
  studied. These must be in complete sentences, in
  your own words, and from an outside source).

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• Hypothesis
• (Form an educated guess)

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Hypothesis (Form an educated guess)

• Logical, testable, tentative explanation for a
  set of observations or a possible answer to a
  scientific question
• Arise from prior knowledge, logical inferences,
  or imaginative guesses

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Testing hypotheses

• Can be done through further observation
• Usually done through controlled experiments
• A hypothesis proven to be wrong still adds to the
  body of scientific knowledge

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• 4. Experiment (Also known as the procedure)
• a. Place four different trees into four
  separate environments.
• 1. Cold with daily decreasing light.
• 2. Room temperature with uniform light
  from day to day.
• 3. Cold with uniform light.
• 4. Room temperature with daily
  decreasing light.

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Types of Variables

• Independent the variable being manipulated
• Dependent the variable that changes in response
  to the independent variable

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• Variables
• LIGHT
• TEMPERATURE
• (Those factors actually causing there to be
  change)

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• Experimental setup The part that will actually
  change. In this case the tree that loses color
  in its leaves.

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• Control setup The part that does not do any
  changing at all because it is present to use as a
  comparison of what is normal.

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5. Results Data recorded on a graph
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• 6. Conclusion (Explain results).
• Temperature alone does not determine how
  many leaves dont stay green. Decreasing day
  light also affected the variables.

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• https//glacier.qc.maricopa.edu/biology/scientific
  _method/index.cfm
• This will take you through the steps of the
  scientific method, set by step.

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List of Equipment

• A. Hand lens or magnifying glass

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• B. Dissecting pan

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• C. Dissecting pins

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• D. Forceps (tweezers)

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• E. Dissecting scissors

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• F. Probe

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• G. scalpel

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• H. Safety goggles

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• I. Triple beam balance

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• J. Graduated cylinder

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• K. Test tube

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• L. Beaker

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• M. Test tube holder

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• N. Bunsen burner

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• O. Medicine dropper

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• P. Pipette

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• Q. Microscope

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• R. Glass slide

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• S. Cover slip

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• T. Petri dish

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• U. Thermometer

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• V. Funnel

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• W. Metric ruler

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Basic Metric Measurements