SSUSH1

1
SSUSH1

• The student will describe European settlement in
  North America during the 17th century

2
17th Century East Coast
3
1.a-Explain Virginias development include the
Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation,
relationships with Native Americans such as
Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses,
Bacons Rebellion, and the development of slavery

• After the failed colony of Roanoke, the English
  again attempted to establish a North American
  colony in 1607.
• Jamestown was the first permanent English
  settlement in North America, founded as a colony
  of the Virginia Company- a joint stock venture
  whereby investors would receive a proportion of
  the profits
• After a disastrous start, the Virginia colony
  found a viable commodity in tobacco- which made
  the colony profitable

4
Virginia Company Seal
5
First English Colony- Jamestown

• In 1607 the English established their first
  successful colony at Jamestown, on the James
  River- The earliest colonists nearly starved to
  death. The colonys existence was ensured by its
  first profitable commodity- tobacco.

6
Tobacco

• A European market for tobacco was already
  established by the Spanish, prior to the founding
  of Jamestown.
• John Rolfe is credited with developing varieties
  of tobacco that would grow well in Virginia and
  sell well in England
• In 1614 Rolfe shipped 2600 pounds to England,
  Jamestowns first profitable commodity. Soon
  tobacco was being widely grown throughout the
  region.

7
Native Americans

• The earliest settlers at Jamestown depended on
  food traded with Native Americans in the region-
  the so-called Powhatan confederacy- named for its
  leader, Powhatan
• Relations between the Virginians soured after a
  wave of immigration expanded the English
  settlements, encroaching on Native settlements.
• In 1622 Native Americans attacked Jamestown,
  killing 350, and nearly wiping the colony out- In
  response, the Crown revoked the Virginia
  Companys charter and established Virginia as a
  royal colony under its direct control.

8
Powhatan

• A depiction of Powhatan- leader of a confederacy
  of Native settlements near the Jamestown colony.

9
House of Burgesses

• To attract more settlers to Virginia, the
  Virginia Company introduced reforms in 1618 that
  included a provision for the colonists to elect
  its own law-makers.
• The first elected, representative government in
  English North America included a governor, 6
  counsilors and two burgesses
  (representatives) from each of the ten towns
  established by the Virginians.
• The assembly was called the House of Burgesses

10
Bacons Rebellion

• By the 1670s- a land crisis was developing among
  the Virginia colonists- Backcountry farmers were
  angered by the colonys refusal to obtain more
  land from the Native Americans.
• Nathaniel Bacon organized a group of these
  farmers, mostly new immigrants or former
  indentured servants, to take the land by force,
  attacking the Native Americans.
• Bacon led a short-lived coup that overthrew the
  leadership of the Virginia colony, but died
  shortly afterward, and the colonial government
  was restored.

11
Nathaniel Bacon

• In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion of
  backcountry farmers, who were upset about the
  lack of land available on the rapidly expanding
  Virginia frontier

12
Early Slavery in Virginia

• The first group of twenty Africans were purchased
  from a Dutch slave trader in 1619. Notably, they
  were considered Christian servants not slaves
  as such.
• Early on, Africans in Virginia would have toiled
  side-by-side with indentured servants, enslaved
  Indians, and free colonists- only later, as
  increased tobacco cultivation required ever more
  labor- did Virginians develop a strictly racial
  system of perpetual bondage for African slaves
• Indentured servants were people who bought
  passage to the colonies in exchange for a number
  of years of service- after their service ended
  they were free to own land and start their own
  farms

13
Slavery and Tobacco

• This depiction of a colonial tobacco plantation
  shows Virginia colonists overseeing slave labor-
  Notice the romantic depiction of the Native
  Americans gift of tobacco at top

14
1.b- Describe the settlement of New England
include religious reasons, relations with Native
Americans (e.g. King Philips War), the
establishment of town meetings and development of
a legislature, religious tensions that led to
colonies such as Rhode Island, the half-way
covenant, Salem witch trials, and the loss of the
Massachusetts charter

• Unlike Virginia, New Englands colonies were
  established primarily for religious reasons
• Conflict in England created a schism in the
  Anglican Church- One group to emerge called
  themselves the Puritans, because they wanted to
  purify the Anglican Church from any vestige of
  Catholicism- the Pilgrims, a separatist faction
  of the Puritans, established a colony at Plymouth
  in 1620
• The separatists wanted a complete separation from
  the Church of England. The Crown viewed this as a
  challenge to its authority and persecuted
  separatists, leading some to flee England to
  begin a new life in North America

15
Puritans- City Upon a Hill

• John Winthrop- a wealthy Puritan organized a
  charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company in
  1629, which was seen as a haven for Puritans
  wishing to leave England. By 1643, an estimated
  20,000 colonists had arrived in New England.
• Winthrop saw the colony as an example to England
  and the world, of pious, righteous living- saying
  that the colony shall be like a City upon a Hill

16
John Winthrop

• Founder and early leader of the Puritan haven,
  Massachusetts Bay Colony- Winthrop called the
  colony a City upon a Hill

17
Native Americans in New England

• As in Virginia, tenuously friendly relations with
  Native Americans early on gave way to war as the
  New England colonies expanded and encroached on
  Native-controlled lands
• A key turning point in Native American history in
  New England was King Philips War (1675-1678),
  which broke Native power in the region
• Metacom, (King Philip) was a leader of the
  Wampanoag, and led the uprising in response to
  the execution of three Wapanoags accused of
  murder by the English

18
New England Natives
19
(No Transcript)
20
Government in New England

• Ordered, representative government was already a
  well established English tradition when New
  England was being colonized
• The Pilgrims wrote The Mayflower Compact- an
  agreement to establish an ordered government in
  the colony- before they landed at Plymouth
• The Puritans at Massachusetts Bay Colony were
  initially denied the representative government
  granted in their charter. In 1634 they
  established the General Court, which made laws
  for the colony

21
Town Meetings

• As concepts of representative government and
  self-rule evolved in New England, most towns
  began to open law-making and elections to all
  landed men.
• This participation of the citizenry in the
  decisions of government- as in the town
  meetings of New England- is considered an
  important step in the history of democratic
  governance, and established a tradition of
  self-rule that would be a major element of the
  American Revolution in the following century.

22
Church and State

• In 17th Century New England the government and
  the church were closely intertwined- attending
  church was mandated by law- and violating rules
  of the church blasphemy, adultery, drunkenness,
  etc. were illegal, with severe penalties
• Heresy- an expression of beliefs challenging the
  church-was strictly forbidden. Heretics could be
  banished from the colony

23
Roger Williams

• Roger Williams was a strict Separatist, who was
  banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony in the
  1630s, for speaking against Puritan doctrine. He
  founded the town of Providence and established a
  government with far less authority to regulate
  religious belief

24
Anne Hutchinson

• Another Massachusetts colonist banished for her
  heretical religious beliefs, Anne Hutchinson and
  some of her followers headed south to found the
  town of Portsmouth, Rhode Island- Other banished
  colonists founded Newport and Warwick in Rhode
  Island- In 1644 these towns joined under a
  charter that provided for the complete separation
  of church and state

25
Half Way Covenant

• By the 1660s, as the second and third generation
  of New England Puritans were coming of age, many
  church leaders were concerned that the colonies
  were losing their original religious fervor. In
  response they established a half-way covenant for
  the children of church members, who could later
  become full members of the church.
• This is an early example of the tension between
  religious and secular interests that is a common
  thread throughout United States history

26
Salem Witch Trials

• One of the most famous examples of the religious
  zeal of the Puritans was the Salem Witch Trials.
• In the early 1690s- twenty women and girls were
  executed in Salem, Massachusetts on accusation of
  witchcraft. The accusers later admitted to making
  the stories up.
• Many of the accusers were from less wealthy
  farming families, while most of the accused were
  part of the growing merchant class of the seaport
  town.

27
Salem Witch Trials- 1690s
28
Dominion of New England

• In the 1660s the English Crown passed a series of
  laws that adversely effected colonists in North
  America- For example- The Navigation Acts- which
  required all goods to be carried on English
  ships and the Staple Act (1663), which required
  imported goods to be taxed in England and shipped
  on English vessels- creating higher prices for
  colonists in America.
• Massachusetts attempted to ignore the new laws
  and in 1684, King Charles II revoked the
  Massachusetts charter, making it a Royal colony
  under his direct control.
• James II, who took the English Crown a year later
  went a step further, merging the New England
  colonies into one royal province called the
  Dominion of New England
• The Glorious Revolution in England (1688) ended
  the dominion of New England and Massachusetts was
  issued a new charter.

29
1.c- Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic
colonies include the Dutch settlement of New
Amsterdam and the subsequent English takeover,
and the settlement of Pennsylvania

• As the colonies in Virginia and New England
  prospered and expanded, the English established
  other colonies along the eastern seaboard. The
  middle colonies, (named for their geographic
  position between the established settlements at
  Virginia and New England) included New York, New
  Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware. These areas
  had ample cultivable land and populations there
  grew rapidly.

30
New Amsterdam

• First established as an outpost for the Dutch fur
  trading operation in the Hudson River Valley

31
New Amsterdam/New York

• England seized the Dutch colony in 1664, renaming
  it New York
• New Jersey was established at the same time,
  offering colonists land grants, along with
  religious freedoms and the right to an elected
  legislative assembly

32
Pennsylvania

• To settle a debt, King Charles II granted William
  Penn a large tract of land between New Jersey and
  Maryland.
• Penn was a Quaker, a radical religious sect at
  odds with the King and other English
  denominations
• Pennsylvania was established as a holy
  experiment, a haven for Quakers and others,
  where complete religious and political toleration
  would be practiced.
• Penn practiced what he preached with regard to
  fairness with Native Americans- He bought land
  from Natives in a 1682 treaty and the colony
  coexisted alongside Native settlements for over
  70 years
• Availability of land attracted numerous settlers,
  and by 1700, Philadelphia rivaled New York and
  Boston as a center of Anglo- American commerce

33
1.d- Explain the reasons for French settlement of
Quebec

• A growing European market for North American
  furs, especially beaver, which were used for
  hats, led the French to establish a colony in
  North America.
• Quebec was founded in 1608 as the capital of New
  France
• Because the fur trade did not require a lot of
  labor, the colony grew slowly- only 7000 by 1670.
• In the 1670s French-led expeditions sailed down
  the Mississippi River to the gulf of Mexico-
  claiming the region for France and setting the
  stage for a showdown in the next century with the
  English, as their colonies spread westward.

34
SSUSH1 Summary

• Several European nations established colonies in
  North America in the 17th century.
• The first permanent English settlement was at
  Jamestown Virginia. The Virginia colony was
  founded as an economic venture, while New England
  was founded primarily for religious reasons.
• Many important ideas that would shape future
  events in U.S. history- relations with Native
  Americans, religious toleration, and forms of
  self-government, were established or developed
  during the early colonial era.
• Smaller colonies such as those established by the
  Dutch and Swedish were overtaken by the growing
  English presence in North America.
• The French colony at Quebec, based on the fur
  trade, was initially small, but later expanded
  southward and set the stage for a rivalry with
  the English for control of North America.