Changes on The Western Frontier: Section 1-4

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Chapter 5
Changes on The Western Frontier Section 1-4
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Buffalo Soldier, dreadlock rastaThere was a
Buffalo Soldier in the heart of America,Stolen
from Africa, brought to America,Fighting on
arrival, fighting for survival.If you know your
history,Then you would know where you coming
from,Then you wouldn't have to ask me,Who the
'eck do I think I am.I'm just a Buffalo Soldier
in the heart of America,Stolen from Africa,
brought to America,Said he was fighting on
arrival, fighting for survivalSaid he was a
Buffalo Soldier in the war for America.Dreadie,
woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,Woy yoy yoy yoy,
yoy yoy-yoy yoy!Woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy
yoy,Woy yoy yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!Buffalo
Soldier troddin' through the land,
wo-ho-ooh!Said he wanna ran, then you wanna
hand,Troddin' through the land, yea-hea,
yea-ea.Said he was a Buffalo Soldier win the
war for AmericaBuffalo Soldier, dreadlock
rasta,Fighting on arrival, fighting for
survivalDriven from the mainland to the heart
of the Caribbean.Dreadie, woy yoy yoy, woy
yoy-yoy yoy,Woy yoy yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy
yoy!Woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,Woy yoy yoy
yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!
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Objectives

• To understand the mistreatment and final defeat
  of the Natives
• To describe the opening up of the West
• To understand the role of cowboys and the role
  of prairie settlers in defining the West
• To evaluate the role of inventions in changing
  life in the West

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• Settlers moved West for gold, silver and farmland.

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• Homestead Act, 1862 govt gave 160 acres of
  free land to anyone who lived on it for 5 years.

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• This created problems for the Natives.
• Why????

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• Settlers saw natives as savages.
• (Just like the movie stereotype)
• Yet, Plains Indians had a highly developed
  culture.

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• Culture clashes with white men
• 1. Natives believed in spirits.
• Shamans medicine men/women (communed with
  spirits)

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• 2. Natives lived communally.
• Everyone shared
• (true communism).

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• 3. Natives did not believe land could be owned,
  they set aside hunting and burial grounds.

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• 1598, Spanish brought horses to America giving
  Plains natives mobility leading to the hunt for
  buffalo as their main way of life. (1700s)

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• Land competition led to Indian wars.
• African Americans joined the US Army Indians
  called them Buffalo Soldiers..

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• In early 1800s, land was set aside for the
  natives treaties were passed, but not honored.
• Map page 205

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• Treaty of Laramie, 1851 beginning of the
  Reservation system.

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• By 1860s, Indians had become dependent on the
  govt for all supplies. (why is this so bad?)
• Govt agents were often corrupt

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• Massacre at Sand Creek 1864, US Army leader,
  Chivington, massacred the Cheyenne at the Sand
  Creek Reserve.

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• Chivington led the massacre.
• Over 400 Arapaho
  and Cheyenne, mostly women
  and children.

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• Indians responded with the Fetterman massacre.
• Result Another treaty.did not last Indians
  began raids again.

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• 1874, gold discovered in the Black Hills of the
  Dakotas. (land set aside in the Treaty of
  Laramie)
• Miners rushed in Natives protested.

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• Geronimo was a famous Apache war chief.
  Mexicans killed his mother, wife, 3 children so
  he repeatedly caused problems. Lived on
  reservations in Al., FL, Ok.

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• Custers last stand (1876) General George Custer
  and all of his men were killed by the natives at
  the Battle of Little Bighorn.
• (Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse and Gall)

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Sitting Bull fled into Canada until starvation
brought him back into the US. Short film about
the battle
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• How badly were the Native Am. treated?
• 1881, Helen Hunt Jackson wrote A Century of
  Dishonor about 100s of broken US/Native
  treaties.
• The US did not keep a single treaty.

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• assimilation process where Natives would
  become like whites.(dress, language, etc.)
• Whites would Americanize the Natives.

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• Dawes Act, 1887 broke up reservations and
  divided land among the Natives. Additional land
  was to be sold and given to the Natives for
  farming equipment. (didnt happen)

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• White settlers destroyed the buffalo too.
• Only about 1000 buffalo were left by 1900.

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• Once a proud race, Natives lived in poverty and
  disease.
• They looked for a savior

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• A Paiute prophet taught them a Ghost Dance to
  save them from the white man.
• (much like the ideas of Christianity)

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• They came to believe if they wore the white
  shirts, it would keep bullets from piercing their
  skin.

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Ghost shirt worn by a warrior
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• White reaction was to kill Sitting Bull (1890)
  and
• Reaction At Wounded Knee Creek Camp the army
  massacred over 200 Natives.

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• The Natives resisted no more.
• (movie clip)

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• Ranching became big business on the Plains (from
  Kansas to Texas).

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• American cowboys learned from Mexican cowboys.
• They herded cattle on the open range.
• The Longhorns came from Spain.

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• Cowboy terms
• 1. jerky (dried meat)
• 2. broncos (wild horses)
• 3. mustangs (strays)
• 4. rancheros (ranch)
• 5. corral and rodeo

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American Buckeroo

• Wore spurs and overalls
  called chaps

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• Cowboy boots and bandanas are of American origin.

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• Bandanas were used for sun screens, tourniquets,
  dust masks, washcloths, strainer for muddy water,
  face covering for dead cowboys, noose for hanging
  horse thieves, and blindfold for skittish horses.

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Gunslingers and Outlaws

• Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
• Billy the Kid
• The Younger Brothers
• Jesse James
• Calamity Jane
• Wild Bill Hickock
• Wyatt Earp
• Judge Roy Bean

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• Railroads now transported cattle to the East
  leading to a demand for beef .. (after the Civil
  War)

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• Beef barons (Swifts and Armours) became big
  meatpacking businesses in Chicago.

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• Joseph McCoy built a shipping yard where the cow
  trails and railroads met (cow towns).
• Abilene, Kansas - one of the first on the
  Chisholm Trial.

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• Cowboys herded cattle across farmers land.

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The end of the Cattle Frontier

• 1. Overgrazing of the land
• 2. Extended bad weather
• 3. The invention of barbed wire

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• Settling the Great Plains
• Railroads opened the West.
• By the late 1800s, there were 5 transcontinental
  railroads.

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• Movie clip about Oklahoma
• 19th Century Turning Points
• Oklahoma Land Rush

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Oklahoma Sooners 1889

• The govt set aside free land in Oklahoma. Some
  took possession before the official opening
  sooners
• In less than a day, 2 million acres were claimed.
  

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Day 2 Objectives

• Description of the farmers in the west
• Evaluation of their problems
• Political reaction to the farmers
• Significance of the Populist Party

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• Settlers faced hardships droughts, floods,
  fires, locusts, blizzards, outlaws and Natives.

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• Some early settlers built Dugouts -in the sides
  of hills or ravines. On the flatlands, they
  built soddies.

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• Frontier Women
• Had to be self-sufficient.
• Cooked, farmed, doctored, sponsored schools and
  churches.

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Exodusters African-Am. whomoved West.
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• Morrill Act in 1862 and 1890 supported
  agricultural education. Gave federal land to
  states to help finance agricultural colleges.
• Hatch Act in 1887 est. agricultural experiment
  stations to inform farmers of new research.

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• New inventions that helped farmers
• 1. John Deeres steel plow
• 2. McCormicks reaper
• 3. Steel windmill
• 4. barbed wire
• These led to mass production.

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• Bonanza farms huge single cash crop farms.
  (wheat, corn)

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Farmers problems

• Expensive machinery
• Bad weather (droughts)
• Expensive transportation fees

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• Lack of competition among railroads made it hard
  to get lower shipping prices.

The Iron Horse Eats Up the Farmers Produce ,
1873
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• Farmers products price down
• ?
• Farmers borrow more for more
• land to produce more
• ?
• Prices down because more is
• in circulation
• ?
• Farmers borrow more

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• Govt wanted to pull greenbacks out of
  circulation to make the value of money go up.
• This meant farmers would be paying back more
  money than they borrowed.

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• 1867, Oliver Hudson Kelly started the Grange to
  bring farmers together for social and political
  reasons.
• It organized farmers co-ops.

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• Farmers Alliances formed.
• There was a separate Alliance for African
  Americans.

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What you farmers need to do is raise less corn
and more Hell! Mary Elizabeth Lease (1890)
Populist Organizer
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• Farmers formed the Populist Party, 1892
• Farmers met in Omaha, Nebraska and demanded
  reforms.

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Populist Party (Omaha Platform)

1. increase money supply
2. graduated income tax
3. federal loan program
4. direct election of senators
5. single term for Pres.
6. secret ballot
7. 8 hour work day
8. restrictions on immigrants

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• This platform became the platform of the
  Democratic Party.
• The concept that govt is responsible for social
  injustices grew in popularity over time.

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• Panic and Depression of 1893
• Worst in history up to this time
• Led to economic difficulties especially for the
  farmer.

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Two Options

• Bi-metallism citizens use gold and silver as
  money exchange
• Gold Standard citizens use only gold to back
  paper money

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• South and West Democrats and Populists
• (Agricultural), bi-metallists
• North and East Republican
• (Industrial), gold standard

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• Election of 1896
• Rep. William McKinley
• Dem. William Jennings Bryan

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William Jennings Bryan Cross of Gold Speech

• You shall not press down upon the brow of labor
  this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify
  mankind upon a cross of gold.

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• McKinleys campaign was called the front porch
  campaign.
• Bryan traveled all over trying to unite the Dem.
  and Populists.
• McKinley won, end of Populism.

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William McKinley, 1896
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• L. Frank Baum, author of
• The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ,1900, was a supporter
  of the Populists.
• Some people believe it was written as an allegory
  about the Populist movement.

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• Even the word Oz is used to represent the
  measurement of gold.

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Remember the issue of gold vs. silver. The
slippers were originally silver.
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Dorothy

• Represents
• everyman. She
• is an innocent
• Midwest girl.

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Munchkins

• Represent the common people, controlled by the
  Wicked Witch of the East (who represented the
  Eastern Industrialists and Bankers.

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Scarecrow

• Represents the naïve western farmer, taken
  advantage of by the industrialists and bankers.
• No brain.

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Tinman

• Represents the dehumanized industrial worker.
• No heart.

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Cowardly Lion

• Represents William Jennings Bryan, no real
  courage, pacifist.

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Wicked Witch of the West

• Represents the Western industrial influence.

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• Emerald City
• Washington D.C.
• The Wizard -
• The President