Earth

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Earths Many Cycles
10 November 2015 Chapter 18 Presented by Dr.
Geller
Great Idea All matter above and beneath Earths
surface moves in cycles.
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Chapter Outline

• Cycles Small and Large
• The Hydrologic Cycle
• The Atmospheric Cycle
• The Rock Cycle

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Cycles Small and Large
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Recycling

• Where did the aluminum can go?
• Atoms last virtually forever
• Different forms
• Lava flow bonded to oxygen
• Solid rock
• Soil
• Aluminum metal
• Recycling saves energy

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The Nature of Earths Cycle

• Earth materials move in cycles
• A change in one cycle affects the others
• Atoms constantly moving and recycling
• Reservoirs
• Hydrologic cycle
• Atmospheric cycle
• Rock cycle
• Heat
• Hot?cold
• Sources
• Sun
• Geothermal processes

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iClicker Question

• What are the Earths two primary sources of heat
  energy?
• A solar energy and friction
• B the Sun and geothermal processes
• C atmospheric friction and forest fires

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iClicker Question

• Many of Earths cycles are driven by
• A Earths rotation
• B tilt of the Earths axis
• C the tendency of heat to spread out

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The Hydrologic Cycle
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Reservoirs of Water

• Amount of water on earth is fixed
• Major repositories
• Ice caps
• Glaciers
• Unseen reservoirs
• Groundwater
• aquifers

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Movements of Water Between Reservoirs

• Hydrologic cycle
• Short-term transfer of water between ocean and
  land

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The path of groundwater
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Ocean Currents

• Redistribute heat across planet

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Chemical Cycles in the Oceans

• Chemicals in constant motion
• Saltiness
• Constant over several hundred million years
• Primarily determined by Na and Cl- ions
• Residence time
• Chemical cycle

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Ice Ages

• Ice Age
• Water locked in glaciers
• Glaciers advance from poles
• Current ice age
• Interglacial period
• Earths total water is fixed
• Ice caps, glaciers grow
• Sea level drops

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Milankovitch Cycles

• Milankovitch
• Serbian civil engineer
• Relationship between earth and sun are affected
  by variations in earths rotation and orbit
• Precession
• Change in angle of axis of rotation

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iClicker Question

• The combination of processes by which water moves
  from repository to repository above, below, and
  on the Earths surface is called the
• A aqueous cycle
• B drought/drench ratio
• C hydrologic cycle
• D repository balance

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iClicker Question

• What percent of the Earths water is readily
  available for human use?
• A less than 1
• B 5
• C 67
• D more than 98

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iClicker Question

• What percent of the Earths fresh water is stored
  as groundwater?
• A less than 1
• B 5
• C 67
• D more than 98

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iClicker Question

• The saltiness of the ocean is
• A Increasing
• B Decreasing
• C Remains the same

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iClicker Question

• What process removes atoms from the ocean?
• A photosynthesis
• B digestion by fishes and animals
• C chemical reactions

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iClicker Question

• During an ice age, sea levels
• A drop
• B rise
• C remain constant

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The Atmospheric Cycle
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Atmosphere

• Composition
• Nitrogen (78), Oxygen (21), Argon, Water Vapor,
  CO2, Methane, other
• Atmospheric Pressure
• pressure exerted by atmosphere
• Warming
• Sun - solar constant is not really constant
• greenhouse effect
• warming due to the transparency of a substance to
  radiation at visible wavelengths and opacity to
  infrared radiation

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The Greenhouse Effect

• Solar energy is the energy source for the
  atmosphere
• In the greenhouse effect, some of this energy is
  trapped by infrared absorbing gases in the
  atmosphere, raising the Earths surface
  temperature above what it would be if there was
  no greenhouse effect

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Industrial chemicals released into the atmosphere
have damaged the ozone layer in the stratosphere
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The Earths atmosphere has changed substantially
over time

• The Earths atmosphere differs from those of the
  other terrestrial planets in its chemical
  composition, circulation pattern, and temperature
  profile
• The Earths atmosphere changed from being mostly
  water vapor to being rich in carbon dioxide
• A strong greenhouse effect kept the Earth warm
  enough for water to remain liquid and to permit
  the evolution of life

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Structure of the Atmosphere
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Air Masses Reservoirs of the Atmosphere

• Air mass
• Uniform temperature and moisture
• Weather
• State of the atmosphere
• Climate
• Long-term average of weather

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Weather

• Five variables define
• state of atmosphere
• Temperature
• Ground level
• Air pressure
• Decreases with altitude
• Jet stream
• Humidity
• Atmospheric water content
• Cloudiness
• Concentration of water droplets
• Prevailing winds
• Consequence of atmospheric convection

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The General Circulation of the Atmosphere

• Circulation powered by Sun
• Air heated and rises
• Cools and sinks
• Prevailing winds
• Caused by earths rotation

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Common Storms and Weather Patterns

• Severe weather
• Tropical storms
• Hurricanes
• typhoons
• Tornadoes
• Weather cycle
• El Nino

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Climate

• Little change over short periods
• Influences on climate
• Large bodies of water
• Ocean currents
• Mountain ranges
• Earths climate
• Movement of tectonic plates

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Understanding Climate

• Long-term climate
• Oceans
• Mountains
• Sunlight
• Amount radiated back to space
• Prediction
• Global circulation models

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iClicker Question

• The weather patterns in much of the Northern
  Hemisphere move, in general, from
• A north to south
• B south to north
• C east to west
• D west to east

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iClicker Question

• Earths atmospheric cycle is not strongly
  influenced by other global cycles.
• A True
• B False

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iClicker Question
In what part of the atmosphere does weather
occur? A hydrosphere B stratosphere C ionosphere D
troposphere E all of the above
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iClicker Question
The greenhouse effect occurs largely because A a
gas is transparent to visible light and opaque to
infrared radiation. B a gas is transparent to
infrared radiation and opaque to ultraviolet
radiation. C ozone is transparent to ultraviolet
radiation and opaque to infrared
radiation. D methane is transparent to infrared
radiation and opaque to visible light. E the sun
emits more infrared radiation than ultraviolet
radiation.
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The Rock Cycle
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Rock Cycle Overview
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Igneous Rocks

• Igneous Rocks
• Solidify from hot liquid
• Types
• Extrusive
• Solidify at surface
• Intrusive
• Solidify below surface

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Sedimentary Rocks

• Sedimentary rock
• From grains of weathered rock
• Formation
• Compaction
• Cementation
• Examples
• Sandstone
• Shale
• Limestone

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Metamorphic Rocks

• Metamorphic rock
• Pressure and heat
• Not enough heat to melt
• Examples
• Slate
• Schists
• Gneisses
• Quartzite

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The Story of Marble

• Marble
• Metamorphic rock
• Process of formation
• Begin as limestone
• Subjected to heat and pressure
• Erosion exposes rocks

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Surface Building Processes

• Faulting
• formation of a crack caused by relative movement
  of rock on either side of a fracture
• different types - normal, reverse, thrust

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Mountains

• elevated parts of the Earths crust that rise
  abruptly above the surrounding surface
• Causes
• folding, faulting, volcanic activity

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• Folds
• bends in layered bedrock
• Anticline /\
• Syncline \/

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Volcanoes

• hill or mountain formed by the extrusion of lava
  or rock fragments from magma below
• Different types
• shield, cinder cone, composite (composite shown)

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Earthquakes

• Defined as quaking, shaking, vibrating, or
  upheaval of the ground
• Earthquake causes
• elastic rebound theory
• Intensity measure
• Richter Magnitude
• not linear scale

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iClicker Question

• When the Earth formed there were no rocks.
• A True
• B False

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iClicker Question

• The first type of rock to appear on Earth was
• A igneous
• B sedimentary
• C metamorphic

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iClicker Question

• Which type of rock is made of grains of material
  worn off previous rocks?
• A igneous
• B sedimentary
• C metamorphic

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iClicker Question

• Rocks that are buried deep within the Earth and
  then subjected to intense pressure and heat turn
  into
• A igneous rocks
• B sedimentary rocks
• C metamorphic rocks

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iClicker Question

• The Earths cycles operate on very different time
  scales and therefore have little influence on
  each other.
• A True
• B False

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iClicker Question
Rocks formed from layers of fine material that
have been compressed under water are
called A igneous rocks B sedimentary
rocks C metamorphic rocks D fault rocks E scarp
rocks
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iClicker Poll Question

• Which of Earths cycles is most interesting to
  you?
• A atmospheric
• B hydrologic
• C rock