?????(Macroeconomics)????????,??????????,???????????????????

1
?????

• ????
• Lecture 1
• ???
• 2009?3?17?

2
??????????????

• ?????(Macroeconomics)????????,??????????,?????????
  ??????????
• ?????(Microeconomics)????????,????????????????????
  ,????????????????????,????????

3
???????

• ???????????????????????????????? (aggregates)
  ???,???????????????????????????? (averages) ????

4
??????????

• ????????,??????? (????, classical school)
  ?????????????????????????Adam Smith???,???????????
  ?????????????,??????????????????
• An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the
  Wealth of Nations (???),1776, by Adam Smith

5
Adam Smith (????)

• Adam Smith (1923-1790) is widely cited as the
  father of modern economics.

6
Free Market, Division of Labor and Invisible Hand

• The Wealth of Nations expounds that the free
  market, while appearing chaotic and unrestrained,
  is actually guided to produce the right amount
  and variety of goods by a so-called "invisible
  hand".
• It is not from the benevolence of the butcher,
  the brewer, or the baker that we expect our
  dinner, but from their regard to their own
  interest.

7
?????

• ?????(The Great Depression)??
• 1929?8? - 1938?6?
• 1933?3?????????
• .?????25?
• .??GDP?1929?????????30?
• .????????(????)????,
• ??????????

8
???????(New Deal)

• ???(Franklin D. Roosevelt,1882-1945)?1933?3???????
  ???????32???,??????,??????

9
??????

• .??????(FDIC)
• .??????(Social Security System)
• .???????????
• .????(?????????????)
• .????????????
• Glass-Steagall Act
• ??????????????????

10
????????

• ??? (John Maynard Keynes) ? 1936
  ??????????????????(The General Theory of
  Employment , Interest and Money),??????????????
• ???? ????,???????????????????,??????????????????
  ??

11
???????????

• ????????,????????????????,????????????,??????????,
  ???????????????????????,??????,??????????????,????
  ??,??????????????????

12
John Maynard Keynes (1883 1946)
13
John Maynard Keynes (18831946)

• . Cambridge University ??
• .??????????????????
• .??????????????????
• ?????????????
• (Bretton Woods conference,1944)

14
????????

• ????????(Gross Domestic Product)
• ??????(Gross National Product)
• ????(National Income)
• ?????????(Consumer Price Index)
• ????(Inflation)?????(Deflation)
• ?????(Unemployment Rate)
• ???? ????(Boom)?????(Recession)
• ??????????(Monetary Policy)
• ????(Fiscal Policy)

15
??????(?)

• ??????(Gross Domestic Product,??GDP)????????,?????
  ??????????????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????,????????????

16
??????(?)

• ??????????????,?????????????????????,????????????
  ????????????????,?????????????????????????????????
  ?
• ??????????????????????????,??????????????????????
  ??????????,??????????,??????????,????????

17
??????

• ??????(Gross National Product,??GNP)
• ?????????????,?????????????,???????,??????????????
  ?
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????,??????????????,
• GNP GDP ???????

18
????????(2008, PPP adjusted U.S Dollars)
Kuwait 60,800 Taiwan 31,900
Norway 57,500 Italy 31,000
Singapore 52,500 New Zealand 28,500
United States 48,000 South Korea 26,000
Hong Kong 45,300 Poland 17,800
Sweden 39,600 Russia 15,800
Australia 39,300 Malaysia 15,700
United Kingdom 37,400 Brazil 10,300
Spain 36,500 Thailand 8,700
Japan 35,300 China 6,100
Germany 34,800 India 2,900
France 32,700 Zimbabwe 200
19
??????????? (?)

• ?????????????,????????????????,???????
• ????????????????????,???????
• ??????????????????????????????????,??????????????
  ?(underground economy)
• ????????????????????????????

20
??????????? (?)

• ???????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????,??????????(???????)?
• ????????????????,???????????????,???????????????
  ?(????????)?

21
???????????

• ????????(nominal GDP)?????????????????
• ????????(real GDP)?????(base year)?????????????
• ??????2001????,?2008????????????2001????????????2
  008????????
• ?????????,?????????????????

22
???????????(?)

• ????????(expenditure)????,????????????????
• ??(consumption)???(Investment)?
• ????(Government Purchases)???????????(Export)?

23
???????????(?)

• GDP CD ID GD X
• CD ??????????????????
• ID ?????????????
• GD?????????????????
• X ???????????????

24
???????????(?)

• C CD CIM
• I ID IIM
• G GD GIM
• C ???????
• CIM ????????????????
• I ???????
• IIM ???????????
• G ???????
• GIM ???????????????

25
???????????(?)

• GDP (C - CIM) (I - IIM) (G GIM) X
• C I G X (CIM IIM GIM)
• C I G (X - IM)
• IM??
• X IM ???
• GDP ???? ???????? ???

26
???????????
Wage Rent Interest Profit 70,000 Farmer ? Wheat 40,000 10,000 5,000 15,000 140,000 Miller ? Flour 50,000 5,000 10,000 5,000 200,000 Baker ? Bread 30,000 14,000 6,000 10,000 Consumers
National Income 200,000 GDP 200,000 Wage Income 120,000 Rental Income 29,000 Interest Income 21,000 Profit Income 30,000 National Income 200,000 GDP 200,000 Wage Income 120,000 Rental Income 29,000 Interest Income 21,000 Profit Income 30,000 National Income 200,000 GDP 200,000 Wage Income 120,000 Rental Income 29,000 Interest Income 21,000 Profit Income 30,000 National Income 200,000 GDP 200,000 Wage Income 120,000 Rental Income 29,000 Interest Income 21,000 Profit Income 30,000 National Income 200,000 GDP 200,000 Wage Income 120,000 Rental Income 29,000 Interest Income 21,000 Profit Income 30,000
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????? (Circular Flow Diagram)
Financial System
C I
3
Investment (I)
Consumption (C)
2
C I G
Imports (IM)
Purchases (G)
Saving (S)
Exports (X)
Investors
4
Government
C I G
Consumers
1
Government
(X IM)
Disposable
5
Taxes
Transfers
6
Income (DI)
28
????

• ??????? (consumer price index,?? CPI)
  ?????,???????????????
• ??????? (producer price index) ??????? (wholesale
  price index,?? WPI),???????????????
• ???????????????,?????????,??????????

29
?????

• ??????? 1961-2005 ????????????????????? 1974 ???
  1980-1981 ??,??????????????????,?????? 5 ???
• ? 2001-2003??,??????,??????????????

30
?????

• ???????,???? 15 ?????,????????????,??????????,????
  ?????????????
• ??? 15 ??,???????,??????,??????????????,??????????
  15 ????????????,???????
• ?????????????,??????????????????
• ??????????????,???????????? 15 ????,??????????????
  ???????,??????,??????????

31
?????????

• ???????????????????
• ??????????????? 15 ??????????

32
??????1961 - 2005

33
???????????

• ?????(Frictional Unemployment)
• ?????(Structural Unemployment)
• ?????(Cyclical Unemployment)
• ??????????????????????????????????????,???????????
  ????????????????????????????????????,????????????