Cholera In Malaysia

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Cholera In Malaysia

• Or TAUN in Bahasa Malaysia
• By
• Razeen and Zulhisyam

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What is it?

• Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic or epidemic
  cholera, is an infectiousgastroenteritis caused
  by enterotoxin-producing strains of
  the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
• Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative bacterium that
  produces cholera toxin, an enterotoxin, whose
  action on the mucosal epithelium lining of
  the small intestine

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History of cholera

• Calcutta India in the early 1800
• Since then, there have been a total of eight
  cholera pandemics.
• 11817-1823 spread from India to Southeast Asia,
  Central Asia, the Middle East and Russia
• The recent cholera epidemic in Pohnpei, which was
  part of the eighth and current pandemic

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• The Italian doctor Filippo Pacini was the first
  to discover the cholera bacteria (Vibrio
  cholerae) in 1854 when cholera hit Florence,
• but his discovery was ignored by the Italian
  medical community which still subscribed to the
  miasmatic theory of illness.
• 1883 that the cholera bacteria was discovered
  again independently by the German physician
  Robert Koch.
• By this time the western medical establishment
  was ready to accept the fact that microorganisms
  did indeed cause illnesses such as cholera.

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Symptoms

• exhaustive diarrhea
• blood pressure may drop to hypotensive levels
  within an hour
• The acute form of the disease (cholera gravis)
  leads within hours to hypovolemia, acidosis, and
  potassium deficiency from the loss of fluid and
  electrolytes
• Complications include renal failure, pulmonary
  oedema, abortion in pregnant women, and profound
  hypoglycemia and seizures in young children.

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Transmission

• contamination is typically other cholera patients
• untreated diarrhea discharge is allowed to get
  into waterways or into groundwater or drinking
  water supplies
• Any infected water and any foods washed in the
  water, as well as shellfish living in the
  affected waterway, can cause an infection. 

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Recent outbreaks in MALAYSIA

• KUALA TERENGGANU, Nov 21 (Bernama) -- The use of
  contaminated fish to make crackers, a favourite
  snack in the state, has been identified as among
  the sources of cholera outbreak Terengganu
• Samples from raw chickens taken at the Gong Pauh
  wholesale market in Wakaf Mempelam as well as
  samples from two ice factories also tested
  positive for the bacteria
• so far 621 patients were admitted due to acute
  gastroenteritis. including 22 carriers and 138
  tested positive for the disease.
• New strain of cholera found. resistant to the
  antibiotics usually used to treat cholera. recent
  floods maybe one of the cause of the outbreak.

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One more Malaysian state reported cholera
outbreak

•   KUALA LUMPUR, Nov. 23 (Xinhua) -- Sabah, a
  state in East Malaysia, is confirmed to be the
  second state in the country to have recorded a
  cholera outbreak, a Malaysian official said on
  Monday.
•     There were 18 cases reported in the state,
  said Malaysian Deputy Health Minister Rosnah
  Abdul Rashid Shirlin after launching the Second
  International Conference on Rural Medicine 2009
  at KotaKinabalu, Sabah's state capital.
•     While two states in Malaysia had reported
  cholera cases, Rosnahsaid the ones in Terengganu,
  an eastern state in peninsula Malaysia, were
  caused by different bacteria strain, requiring
  different antibiotics for treatment.
•     Noting that the situation in Sabah State was
  under control, Rosnah advised the public to look
  after their health and hygiene, and to be careful
  when handling food.
•     The first cholera case in the recent outbreak
  was reported on Nov. 11 at Kuala Terengganu, the
  state capital of Terengganu State and as of
  Sunday, a total of 185 confirmed cases were
  reported in the state.

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Thailand may be cholera source of peninsula
Malaysia

•     KUALA LUMPUR, Nov. 26 (Xinhua) -- Cholera
  outbreaks in the two northern states in peninsula
  Malaysia are believed to have been spread from
  Thailand, a Malaysian official said on Thursday.
•     Malaysian Deputy Health Minister Rosnah Abdul
  Rashid Shirlin told reporters at a ground
  breaking ceremony for a power plant in Sabah, a
  state in East Malaysia on Thursday.
•     Rosnah said that while cholera cases were
  reported in the states of Terengganu, Kelantan
  and Sabah, patients in Sabah showed only ordinary
  cholera symptoms and would recover by taking
  ordinary antibiotics.
•     However, patients in Terengganu and Kelantan,
  two northern states in peninsula Malaysia
  bordering Thailand, were not reacting to the
  ordinary antibiotics.
•     She said that the ministry found out on
  Wednesday that the unusual form of cholera was
  spread from Thailand where similar types of the
  disease were reported.
•     The first cholera case in the recent outbreak
  was reported on Nov. 11 at Kuala Terengganu, the
  state capital of Terengganu and to date, Rosnah
  said Terengganu reported 185 cases while Kelantan
  reported 14 cases.

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Rank   Countries  Amount 
1   Brazil 18 deaths 
2   Argentina 3 deaths 
2   Peru 3 deaths 
2   Ecuador 3 deaths 
2   El Salvador 3 deaths 
2   Egypt 3 deaths 
2   Venezuela 3 deaths 
8   South Africa 2 deaths 
8   Colombia 2 deaths 
10   Belize 1 deaths 
10   Nicaragua 1 deaths 
10   Germany 1 deaths 
10   Korea, South 1 deaths 
10   Japan 1 deaths 
10   United States 1 deaths 
Total 46 deaths  
Weighted average 3.1 deaths  
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Treatment

• administration of oral rehydration salts to
  replace lost fluids
• In severe cases, intravenous administration of
  fluids may be required
• Drugs
• Tetracycline an antibiotic (trade name
  Achromycin) derived from microorganisms of the
  genus Streptomyces and used broadly to treat
  infections
• Sulphonamidesmore effective and less toxic
  antibiotics

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Prevention

• Water supply and sanitation
• Personal hygiene, food preparation and health
  education
• Avoid contaminated water
• Avoid contaminated food
• Avoid ice, unless you are sure that it is made
  from safe water.
• Avoid raw seafood and other raw foods
• Ice cream from unreliable sources
• Vaccines

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Reference

• http//malaysia.news.yahoo.com/bnm/20091127/tts-fl
  oods-terengganu-night-bm-993ba14.html
• http//news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOneNews/Malaysia
  /Story/A1Story20091124-181850.html
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera
• http//thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file/2009/12
  /6/nation/20091206123538secnation
• http//www.who.int/topics/cholera/en/