Do the Emerging and Developed Countries Share the Same Food Safety Concerns?

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Do the Emerging and Developed Countries Share the
Same Food Safety Concerns?

• Dr. Stan Bailey
• President, International Association for Food
  Protection
• Director Scientific Affairs - Industry, bioMerieux

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Timely Topics and Rapid Response

• Fresh Leafy Greens - Are They Safe Enough?
• Prepared Not Ready to Eat Foods
• Raw Milk Consumption An emerging Public Health
  Threat?
• Salmonella in Peanut Butter Outbreak - Lessons
  Learned and Likely Consequences

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Global Food SafetyEmerging and Developed
Countries - Food Safety or Food Security -
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Food Science 101

• Bacteria (pathogens or spoilage bacteria) growth
  is predicated by temperature, moisture, and
  access to nutrients
• Keep cold foods cold (lt 4C) and hot foods hot (gt
  65C)
• Primary methods of preservation of foods
• refrigeration, water activity (drying or
  solutes), or acidity
• Other variables by location
• cultural practices, competitive flora
• Basis for some religious teachings about foods

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World Hunger Facts

• About 6.5 billion people in world
• More than 850 million people in the world are
  malnourished 799 million of them live in the
  developing world.
• More than 153 million of the world's malnourished
  people are children under the age of 5.
• Six million children under the age of 5 die every
  year as a result of hunger.

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World Hunger Facts

• 54 nations currently do not produce enough food
  to feed their populations, nor can they afford to
  import the necessary commodities to make up the
  gap. Most of these countries are in sub-Saharan
  Africa.
• Lack of dietary diversity and essential minerals
  and vitamins also contributes to increased child
  and adult mortality. Vitamin A deficiency impairs
  the immune system, increasing the annual death
  toll from measles and other diseases by an
  estimated 1.3 million-2.5 million children.

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Food Security

• 850 million people (13 of worlds population) go
  to bed hungry every day. They are far more
  concerned about finding something to eat (Food
  Security) than about the safety of their food.
• In many countries, safety of water will need to
  be achieved before safety of other foods will be
  considered

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Waterborne diseaseWHO, 2004

• Account for 4.1 of total global disease
• 88 of 1.8 million total deaths caused by
  diseases is waterborne
• Waterborne disease can be caused by protozoa,
  viruses and bacteria
• The intestinal parasite, schistosomiasis alone
  may account for 200,000,000 cases and 200,000
  deaths each year

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Waterborne bacterial disease- often from human
and animal waste-

• Vibrio
• cholera
• parahemolyticus
• Campylobacter
• Diarrheogenic E. coli
• O157H7 and many others
• Shigella

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Estimating Global Disease BurdenWHO is taking
the lead

• 1990s England, Wales, the Netherlands
• Prospective Cohort Studies
• 1990s US
• Cross-sectional surveys compared to clinical
  observations
• Early 2000s Australia, Canada, Ireland
• Similar to US cross-sectional surveys

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Estimating Global Disease BurdenWHO is taking
the lead

• 2002 WHO Consultation recognized many areas of
  the world underrepresented and establishment of
  sentinel site countries, Jordon first site
  (Salmonella, Shigella, Brucella)
• 2004 and 2007 major consultations to facilitate
  data sharing and methodology for better
  understanding the global burden of disease

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WHO, 2007

• Consultation in Geneva developed a strategic
  framework with an evidence map, time frame, and
  proposed elements of a standard protocol for
  conducting burden of illness studies

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PulseNet International

• -Pulse Net USA
• -Pulse Net Europe
• -Pulse Net Asia-Pacific
• -Pulse Net Latin America
• -Pulse Net Middle East

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PulseNet Middle east
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Why is Food Safety our Top Priority? (for any
company, country, or commodity)

• It is a cost of doing business
• The changing global food safety landscape demands
  more diligence, flexibility, and speed than ever
  before.
• The cost impact of not doing food safety right is
  higher than its ever been.
• The benefits of doing food safety right
  contributes directly to the bottom line and not
  just in cost avoidance.
• Consumer and regulatory scrutiny are at an all
  time high.
• World class companies that win in the marketplace
  have world class food safety principles

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Why Focus on Food Safety

• Consumer and regulatory scrutiny are at an all
  time high.
• The benefits of doing food safety right
  contributes directly to the bottom line and not
  just in cost avoidance.
• World class companies that win in the marketplace
  have world class food safety principles.
• The changing global food safety landscape demands
  more diligence, flexibility, and speed than ever
  before.
• It is a cost of doing business

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Factors Impacting Food Safety

• There are a number of factors directly impacting
  the safety of todays food supply
• Globalization of our food supply
• Increased regulatory and public scrutiny
• Intensive animal husbandry and agricultural
  practices
• Demographic changes and consumer behavior
• Climatic and environmental changes

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Factors Impacting Food Safety Globalization of
Our Food Supply

• Sourcing of food ingredients and commodities from
  outside of the U.S. has grown dramatically over
  the last ten years
• From 32.44B in 1996 to 64.03B in 2006
• Projected to grow to 70.0B in 2007
• Food imports to US from developing countries is
  skyrocketing (2007 projections)
• Mexico/Central America 13.2B
• South America 9.0B
• China/Asia 10.9B
• Africa 1.6B
• Middle East 0.8B
• IMPLICATION Imported foods, especially from
  developing countries, may be riskier as food
  safety systems are sometimes rudimentary or
  non-existent

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Factors Impacting Food Safety Intensive Animal
Husbandry and Agricultural Practices

• The worlds population is projected to grow to
  over 7.8B people by 2025
• An estimated 20 million acres of farmland is
  replaced annually due to growing populations and
  urbanization
• Given these trends, large-scale, intensive animal
  production and farming practices are projected to
  accelerate in future years
• In the U.S., intensive animal husbandry accounts
  for 53 of total domestic agricultural income
• As a result, about 130 times more animal waste is
  produced than human waste roughly 5 tons for
  every U.S. citizen.
• Manure has been the source of pathogens in a
  number of major foodborne illness outbreaks
• IMPLICATION Increasing pressure from ranching
  and farming practices on the environment will
  increase the likelihood of pathogens entering the
  food supply

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Factors Impacting Food Safety Demographic
Changes

• International migration will continue to be a
  major factor impacting foodborne illness around
  the world
• Changing ethnicity patterns result in changing
  food preferences and practices that can result in
  food safety issues
• The aging of the population is a major factor
  impacting food safety
• The population aged 65 years and over is
  projected to increase by 78.6 by 2025
• Infectious diseases, including foodborne
  diseases, are a problem for the elderly because
  of declining immune function
• Other segments of the population that are more
  susceptible to foodborne disease include pregnant
  women, neonates, and the immunocompromised
• It is estimated that 20-25 of the population is
  at increase risk for foodborne disease at any
  given time

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Factors Impacting Food Safety Changes in
Consumer Behaviour

• Changing trends in food consumption patterns
  impact food safety as consumers are eating more
  fresh produce, fish and other seafood and
  organically grown foods
• Consumers engage in risky food safety practices
  despite health warnings and recommendations
• IMPLICATION New technologies and systems are
  needed to ensure the safety of todays
  consumer-preferred food products. New approaches
  to consumer education are needed regarding safe
  food handling practices

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Factors Impacting Food Safety Increased
Regulatory and Public Scrutiny

• The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
  Prevention (CDC) and similar bodies in other
  countries have in place a foodborne epidemiologic
  and surveillance network (PulseNet and Foodnet
  at CDC) that enables the rapid detection of
  foodborne outbreaks
• Regulatory bodies (FDA and FSIS in the U.S.) are
  constantly implementing new policies to try and
  reduce food safety outbreaks
• Food Safety is increasingly being used as a
  barrier in international trade of food

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Pathogenic Bacteria do not recognize countries
borders

• E. coli 0157H7 and other shiga-toxin producing
  E. coli
• Antibiotic resistant Salmonella including S.
  Typhimurium DT104
• Vibrios associated with fish and shell-fish
  shipped around the world
• Many others

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National food laws and their underlying food
safety measures and conformity assessment systems
should be guided by the following principles

• Only safe and wholesome foods should be marketed
  
• Food safety is science-based
• Transparency, education, and a strong scientific
  underpinning equals public confidence in the
  safety of your food supply.

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Conclusions

• Food safety and security issues in emerging and
  developed countries are different
• Even though there are different challenges in
  emerging countries, establishment of safe food
  production, processing, and distribution
  practices will lead to a more secure food supply,
  which will directly benefit the health of the
  population of the country as well as offer the
  opportunity for economic development of any
  natural food resource
• Basic food safety principals are the same, no
  matter if you are in an emerging or developed
  country