A New Nation

1
A New Nation

• Unit 4
• American History

2
The Federalist Era

• A New Nation
• Unit 4

3
Washingtons Inauguration
4
The Washington Administration

• The Unwritten Constitution
• During the nations first years, policies and
  procedures for running the government efficiently
  came about.
• These have become traditions, and are referred to
  as the unwritten constitution

5
The Washington Administration

• The Cabinet
• The President appoints individuals to run certain
  parts of the Executive Branch
• The first 3 were the Secretaries of State,
  Treasury, and War
• Together, these positions are known as the
  Presidents Cabinet
• The Two-Term Tradition
• Based on Washingtons precedent, the office of
  the President was informally limited to two terms
  only

6
The Washington Administration

• Foreign Policy
• Jays Treaty
• A U.S. agreement with Great Britain U.S. agreed
  Britain could stop U.S. shipments to France, in
  return for a most-favored nation status in
  trading with Britain
• Proclamation of Neutrality
• Washingtons precedent of having the U.S. try to
  stay out of alliances with foreign powers he
  urged the nation to remain as independent as it
  could

7
The Washington Administration

• Hamilton Financial Plan
• Why? The nation needed economic stability and
  an ability to raise funds and pay debt

8
The Washington Administration

• Bank of the United States (B.U.S.)
• To act as the central bank of the United States
• Dominated by New Englanders
• Its creation was an example of implied powers
• Led to the Whiskey Rebellion

9
The Washington Administration

• The Whiskey Rebellion
• In western Pennsylvania
• Farmers rebelled against an excise tax on corn
• Washington sent troops as a show of force
• Showed Federal govt. could pass laws that state
  citizens had to follow

10
The Washington Administration

• Excise Tax
• A tax on certain products
• Hamilton wanted a tax on whiskey
• Assumption
• Hamilton urged the new government to pay off all
  debt from the Revolutionary War.
• He said this would give the nation a good credit
  and status with both Americans and foreign nations

11
The Washington Administration

• Washingtons Farewell Address
• In leaving office, President Washington warned
  Americans about the following issues
• Getting too involved with other counties issues
• The states sectionalizing and dividing the
  nation
• Political parties becoming too important and
  divisive

12
Washingtons Farewell Address - Clip
13
Political Parties Form

• Our current Two party system began at this time
• Over the struggle for ratification of the
  constitution
• Started with Federalists v. Anti-Federalists
• Federalists remained the Federalist Party, the
  Anti-Federalists became known as the Republican
  Party (which is most closely related to todays
  Democratic Party).

14
The Adams Administration

• Unit 4
• American History

15
Alien and Sedition Acts

• Attempts by the Federalist party to strengthen
  themselves and weaken the Republican party
• Laws were passed making it harder for foreigners
  to become Americans
• Also made it against the law to print anything
  against the U.S. government
• What right does this violate??

16
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• These two resolutions were reactions against the
  Alien and Sedition Acts
• They basically said that states could declare
  federal laws invalid if they were unconstitutional

17
Important Elections

• Each of these two elections were important in
  establishing the early direction that the new
  U.S. government would go in and if it would
  even survive or not
• 1796
• Won by the Federalists (John Adams-President)
• Allowed the policies of Washington and Hamilton
  to continue and strengthen the nation

18
Important Elections

• 1800
• The Jeffersonian Republicans won bringing the
  possibility of huge changes to the government and
  possible challenges to the U.S. Constitution
• This election marked the first peaceful
  transition of power between two opposing groups
  in the history of the world. It set a precedent
  for the future of our civilized government.

19
Case Study The Marshall Court

• What about it As Chief Justice of the U.S.
  Supreme Court, John C. Marshall presided over
  some very important cases that established the
  Court as being equal in power to the other two
  branches of federal government and granted it the
  ability to interpret Constitutional law.

20
Marbury v. Madison - Clip
21
Marbury v. Madison

• important because it gave the U.S. Supreme Court
  the right of judicial review
• Judicial review the power to decide whether laws
  passed by Congress were constitutional or not,
  and to nullify laws that were not.

22
McCullough v. Maryland - Clip
23
McCullough v. Maryland

• Extended the policy of loose interpretation of
  the constitution - strengthening the federal
  government over the states
• A stronger federal government would be wanted by
  the Federalist party. (Remember Federalist
  Federal Government)

24
Gibbons v. Ogden - Clip
25
Gibbons v. Ogden

• Similar to McCullough v. Marylands results on
  interpretation this time about the federal
  governments ability to regulate interstate
  commerce
• Again, Federalist Federal Government

26
The Democratic Republicans
27
Democratic Republicans

• Often called Jeffersonian Republicans
• Opposed most of the policies and philosophies of
  the Federalists

28
The Jefferson Administration

• Louisiana Purchase
• Why To create lands for expansion westward and
  gain control of the Mississippi River
• The Purchase 15 million (bought from France)
• Lewis and Clark Sent to explore the new
  territory and search for a passage to the Pacific

29
Results of the Louisiana Purchase

• The size of the US doubled

30
Results of the Louisiana Purchase

• More precedents and controversies over the powers
  of the federal government
• Starts the theory of manifest destiny the idea
  that the United States should expand from coast
  to coast

31
Embargo Act

• In retaliation for British acts against US
  shipping, Jefferson proposed and Congress passed
  the Embargo Act of 1807
• This act banned trade with other countries
• Ended up hurting the US more than it punished
  Britain repealed in 1809

32
Strict vs. Loose Interpretation

• The argument over whether the Constitution should
  be interpreted strictly (do only exactly what the
  document says) or loosely (allows for implied
  interpretation of powers)
• Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
  (Democratic-Republicans) begin this argument.

33
The Madison Administration
34
War of 1812

• Causes
• Continued British harassment of US shipping on
  the seas and the practice of impressment
• Impressment is the capture of US citizens and
  forcing them to serve in the British military
• Trade restrictions between Britain and the US
  become common
• Southern and Western war hawks encouraged war
  to allow for westward expansion
• Concerns over Native-American activities on the
  western borders emgerge

35
Events

• Burning of Washington DC
• British troops entered and burned the White House
  and the Capitol
• Star Spangled Banner
• Written during the attacks on Baltimore harbor by
  Francis Scott key
• New Orleans
• General Andrew Jackson defeated larger British
  Army, became a national hero (defeated them after
  the signing of the peace treaty)

36
Star Spangled Banner
37
Results

• The Treaty of Ghent ended the war Ghent,
  Belgium, 1814
• The US won the war, but it did not change many
  existing conditions
• The victory gave the country more prestige (fame)
  overseas
• Caused an increase in national pride and support
  for the new country by Americans

38
The Monroe Administration
39
Era of Good Feelings

• Name given to the time after the War of 1812 when
  there were few political conflicts and the new
  nation had much support

40
Results of the Era of Good Feelings

• Nationalism
• (War of 1812) Victory over Britain caused new
  feelings of national pride and support
• One Party
• By opposing the War of 1812, the Federalists lost
  power and then ceased to exist
• The American System
• Henry Clays plan to strengthen the America

41
The American System

• Created by Henry Clay
• Creation of the Second Bank of the US
• Passage of tariffs to protect US industry and
  businesses
• Improve internal transportation routes to connect
  the nation together better (Erie Canal, National
  Road, development of railroads)

42
Internal Improvements
43
The National Road
44
The Monroe Doctrine

• The US bravely declared that the Western
  Hemisphere was off-limits to European powers.
• In return, the US promised to stay out of
  European colonial affairs

45
Monroe Doctrine Political Cartoon
46
The Jackson Era
47
Jacksonian Democracy

• National Convention
• Instead of members of Congress choosing
  Presidential candidates (caucus system), national
  nominating conventions began opening up the
  process to common citizens
• Secret Ballot
• Early forms of todays secret ballots began under
  Jacksons presidency

48
Jacksonian Democracy

• No property requirement
• By the mid 1820s, most states had eliminated the
  ownership of property as a requirement for
  voting, many more Americans could then
  participate
• Spoils System
• Jackson supported the idea of appointing loyal
  party supporters to office
• Veto power
• Jackson used the checks and balances power to
  veto more than all previous Presidents combined

49
The Bank War

• Background
• Most Southern and Western states opposed the idea
  of a National Bank. Jackson felt he had a
  responsibility to the people to bring and end to
  it.
• What Happened
• When the issue came up to extend the provisions
  of the national bank for another 20 years,
  Jackson vetoed it and pulled all the federal
  money from it
• Wildcat Banks Jackson took deposits from the
  Bank of the US and put them in state banks thus
  killing the Bank of the United States

50
The Nullification Crisis

• A battle of a states rights to not obey a
  federal law
• Tariff of 1828
• A tariff was placed on all imports into the
  country
• This cased an increase in the price of
  manufactured products
• States hurt most by this called it the Tariff of
  Abominations (South Carolina)

51
The Nullification Crisis

• States Rights Argument
• Led by John C. Calhoun
• South Carolina argued that a state had the right
  to nullify (make void) any federal law that
  they saw as unconstitutional
• They said that since they originally agreed to
  form a nation, they also then had the right to
  break away from or ignore the nations laws

52
The Nullification Crisis

• Force Bill
• Congress gave Jackson the power to use any means
  necessary to force South Carolina to pay the
  tariff
• Resolution
• Jackson eventually lowered the amount of the
  tariff
• South Carolina withdrew its nullification

53
Social/Economic Issues

• With the stability/expansion of a new nation, and
  the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution, many
  socio-economic changes came about in the US and
  new issues arose.

54
Womens Rights

• The 1830s marked an increase in women actively
  speaking out about the inequality of men and
  women
• Seneca Falls, NY
• Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott,
  this convention marks the beginning of the
  womens rights movement
• They created a document declaring that all men
  and women were considered equal (Declaration on
  the Rights of Women)

55
Public Schools

• The first public schools were created at this
  time
• The idea of having an educated population was
  seen as good for the nation
• These were paid for by taxes and became mandatory
  in most places
• Horace Mann
• His model was followed in many places teachers
  would be trained, students would be divided into
  grade levels, usually about 10 months a year (to
  allow for help with harvesting, etc.)

56
Mentally Ill/Prison Reform

• Mentally ill patients were often just cast into
  prisons
• Dorthea Dix
• She led the movement to create state run
  hospitals for the mentally ill

57
Abolition

• The issue of slavery again became very important
  at this time
• Abolition means to get rid of something

58
Abolition

• Underground Railroad
• A series of safe houses to hide escaped slaves as
  they fled North to free states and Canada
• Harriet Tubman
• She led 19 trips along the Underground Railroad
  to free slaves
• William Lloyd Garrison
• White abolitionist leader that was influential in
  the development of the abolition movement

59
Case Study Native Americans

• Background
• By the early 1800s, white settlers were moving
  westward and coming into contact with Native
  American tribal lands
• The Natives tried various methods to deal with
  the stress of cultural conflicts

60
Ways Native Americans tried to survive

• Cultural Adaptation
• Some, like the Cherokee, tried to survive by
  combining European cultural elements with their
  own traditional cultural ways
• Cultural Revitalization
• Handsome Lake urged the Iroquois to adopt a
  better lifestyle education, temperance, farming,
  and peaceful living were encouraged

61
Ways Native Americans tried to survive

• Pan-Indian Movement
• An attempt to unite the natives of the Old
  Northwest Territory, it died with their defeats
  in the War of 1812
• Resistance
• Creeks resisted and attacked settlers in Georgia
  and Alabama
• They were defeated at Horseshoe Bend in Alabama,
  opening up the South to settlement by whites

62
Indian Removal Policy

• In the 1830s, President Jackson began the forced
  movement of native populations to the Great
  Plains area.
• In the South, many natives died along the Trail
  of Tears on their way west
• Worchester v. Georgia the Cherokee went to the
  Supreme Court in order to prevent the state of
  Georgia from taking their land. They won the
  case, but Presidents Jackson and Van Buren
  ignored the ruling

63
The Trail of Tears
64
Essential Questions

• How were each of the 3 presidential eras The
  Federalist Era, the Democratic-Republican Era,
  and the Jackson Era, different from the others?
• Why were the first few Presidential terms so
  important to the development of the United
  States?
• In one sentence, tell why is the most meaningful
  aspect of each of these Presidencies Washington,
  Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson?