World War II

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World War II

• Goal 7

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• Dictator- An absolute ruler
• Totalitarian Government- centralized control by
  an autocratic leader or hierarchy 

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Italy

• Benito Mussolini
• Establishes Fascism (nationalistic, racist,
  dictatorship)
• Anti-individualism ? pro nationalism
• Nationalism fuels expansion

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USSR

• United Soviet Socialist Republic
• Joseph Stalin
• Takes over when Lenin dies in 1926
• Institutes forced industrialization
• Process kills 8-10 million people

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Japan

• Military comes to power in Japan during the 1920s
• Emperor Hirohito and General Tojo
• Japan desperate for resources
• 1931 invades Manchuria, later invades China
• League of Nations useless

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Germany

• Young radical named Adolf Hitler joins National
  Socialist Party (Nazi) tries revolution in early
  1920s
• Arrested and jailed
• Writes book called Mein Kampf blames Jews
  Communists for Germanys problems
• Treaty of Versailles
• Nazi Party gains more power after Great
  Depression hits the world in 1929-30

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Nazis

• Hitler Nazis gain control of German government
  LEGALLY in 1933
• Set up Third Reich (fascism - nationalistic,
  racist, dictatorship)
• Nazis begin educating youth of Germany
• Start eliminating political competition
• Start persecuting Jews
• Nuremburg laws? Anti-Semitic Laws
• Hitler begins to break Treaty of Versailles
• Begins troop buildup military buildup
• Sends troops into Rhineland in 1936 (France GB
  do nothing)

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Hitler on the Move

• Hitler takes control of Austria in 1938
• Hitler threatens to take Sudetenland (NW
  Czechoslovakia)
• Munich Conference (1938)
• British use policy of appeasement agree to give
  Sudetenland in exchange for no further aggression
• Neville Chamberlin (British Prime Minister)
  Weve achieved peace in our time.
• Hitler takes rest of Czechoslovakia in Spring
  1939
• Why do you think GB France allowed German
  aggression to continue?

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Hitler on the Move continued

• Non-Aggression Pact (1939)
• Hitler and Stalin sign and agree to split Poland
• DID NOT WANT TO START A TWO FRONT WAR
• USSR would not come to the Allied Powers aid
• September 1, 1939 Hitler invades Poland
• Wanted to regain territory from WWI
• World War II Begins!
• Days after Poland invasion, Great Britain and
  France declare war on Germany

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Who vs. Who this time?

• Axis Powers
• Germany
• Japan
• Italy
• Allies
• England
• France (before surrender)
• U.S.
• USSR (after German invasion, 1941)
• China

Which side do you believe had the bigger
advantage at the outset of WWII?
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FDR, Churchill, Stalin
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Hitler, Mussolini, Hirohito/Tojo
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World War Two

• Early Battles and
• United States Entry

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Early Battles
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France

• Blitzkrieg May 10, 1940
• Invaded with overwhelming force at an
  overwhelming speed
• lightening warfare
• By June, German forces were at the English Channel

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Dunkirk

• Hitler delays annihilation at Dunkirk
• This delay allows Britains Expeditionary Force
  to evacuate
• The British navy rescues 338,000 troops
• June 22, 1940 France Surrenders
• Why did Hitler stop? If he hadnt, what would the
  outcome have been?

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Great Britain

• Difficult to attack by sea
• English channel is a natural barrier
• Ships are an easy target
• Germany will have to attack by air
• Battle of Britain
• Luftwaffe German air force
• RAF (Royal Air force) Britain
• Nightly bombing raids for three months
• RAF defeats Luftwaffe due to new technology
  Radar (sent out radio waves that reflected back)
• Total War- destroying any and everything
• - everyone plays a part

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Hitlers New Plan

• Invasion of Britain unsuccessful
• Calls it off October 12, 1940
• June 1941 Hitler calls off the Non-Aggression
  Pact with Stalin and invades the USSR

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America Pre-War Years, 1939-1941

• Cash Carry
• Sept. 1939 allowed warring nations to buy US
  arms must pay cash transport own goods
• Tripartite Pact
• Establishes the Axis Powers
• Sept. 1940 Germany, Italy, Japan sign
• Lend/Lease Act
• 1941 British out of cash US lends/leases goods
• US also provides aide to Soviet Union

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Pre War Continued

• German U-Boats
• U-boats attack US ships (1941)
• Roosevelt orders Navy to fight back IF attacked
• Japan attacks United States
• Export Control Act-US cut off trade to Japan (oil
  and other war materials) to persuade them to stop
  their expansion in Pacific

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A day that will live in infamy

• Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941
• US declares war on Japan Italy Germany declare
  war on US
• Impact??

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Go to Battles Slide Show
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World War II

• Home front

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WWII Draft

• Selective Service 1940
• First Peacetime Draft in American History

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Daily Life

• US industry converts to complete war-time
  production
• War Production Board (WPB)
• regulates industries for war-time production
• Government sets up Office of Price Administration
  (OPA)
• Price freezes set up to regulate economy
• US citizens begin rationing materials most for
  military use
• Propaganda used to convince citizens to help
• Victory Gardens
• Scrap Metal
• Bonds
• Rationing

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The Role of Women

• Mens Work women taking the place of men in
  the workforce
• Free a man for combat
• WAAC-Womens Army Auxiliary Corps
• Women serving as ambulance drivers, radio
  operators, nurses, electricians, and pilots
  nearly every position not involving direct combat
• The Auxiliary was dropped in 1943, giving the
  WACs full army benefits
• Rosie the Riveter

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Help from other Americans

• African Americans
• Double V Campaign
• Victory over Nazism in Europe Victory over
  discrimination at home
• Tuskegee Airmen 1st Af.-Am. military aviators
  in US armed forces

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Help from other Americans

• Bracero Program
• 200,000 Mexican farmers allowed to enter US
• Harvest needed crops, and to build and maintain
  roads
• Native Americans
• Navajo Code Talkers

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Japanese Internment

• US discriminates against Japanese-Americans
• Internment camps set up for Japanese-Americans on
  West Coast
• 110,000 relocated from homes to concentration
  camps
• Most are native born
• Korematsu v. United States, 1944 Supreme Court
  rules in favor of US govt

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The Holocaust
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Origins

• Anti-Semitism had been rampant in Europe for
  centuries
• Jews were considered inferior to The
  Germans/Aryans
• Hitler and the Nazis blame the Jews for the loss
  of World War I the embarrassment that followed

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Holocaust

• Hitler elected in 1933
• Nuremburg Laws defined who was a Jew
• Jews forced to wear a Star of David to identify
  themselves as Jewish
• Jews were no longer citizens took away their
  jobs and property.
• By 1935, the persecution of Jews has become legal

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Kristallnacht

• Night of Broken Glass took place all across
  Germany
• SS troops, Gestapo, and German civilians destroy
  and burn Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues
  (Jewish temples of worship).
• 30,000 Jews are arrested and sent to jail
• This is the first major act of anti-Semitic
  violence
• Following the invasion of Poland, the plight of
  the Jewish population steadily becomes worse.

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The Ghettos

• In late 1939, Hitler begins forcing Jews into
  small, ghettos (over-crowded, segregated
  neighborhoods sealed off with barbed wire and
  stone walls)
• The main purpose of the ghettos was to simplify
  the eventual extermination of the Jewish people.
• Nazis also targeted Gypsies, Freemasons,
  Jehovahs Witnesses, homosexuals, the mentally
  impaired, and the disabled.

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Concentration Camps

• Initially established in Germany for political
  opponents and protesters.
• Dachau, one the first concentration camps, was
  established in 1933.
• It is estimated that there were over 15,000 in
  the occupied territories.

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Extermination Camps

• The final solution to the Jewish question for
  the Nazis.
• Operation Reinhold
• Methods of execution included overwork,
  starvation, beatings, bullets, and poison gas.
• Each camp has several huge gas chambers in which
  as many as 12,000 people could be killed every
  day.

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Death Camps

• Chelmo one of the earliest death camps used
  mobile killing vans 152,000 murdered
• Belzec First camp created to implement
  Operation Reinhold 500,000 murdered
• Majdanek 79,000 murdered
• Sobibor 250,000 murdered
• Treblinka Only operational for a year
  850,000 murdered
• Auschwitz-Birkenau estimated 1.1 million
  murdered (minimum) operational from 1940-1945

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End of the War

• FDR dies April 12, 1945, Harry S. Truman takes
  over.
• Europe
• Soviets lay siege to Berlin in April 1945
• Hitler and many top Nazi leaders commit suicide
• Germans finally surrender on May 8, 1945
• Pacific
• Japanese refuse to surrender
• Manhattan Project - US develops atomic bomb ?Dr.
  Robert Oppenheimer
• US decided to use bombs on Japan, hoping to force
  surrender
• Aug.6, 1945 US drops Little Boy on Hiroshima
• Up to 145,000 killed
• Aug.9, 1945 US drops Fat Man on Nagasaki
• Up to 75,000 killed
• Aug.15, Japan announces decision to surrender,
  officially doing so on Sept. 2, 1945

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Conferences

• Atlantic Conference(August 14, 1941)
• United States and Great Britain
• Goals in facing the Axis powers
• Basis of the future United Nations
• Casablanca Conference (January 1424, 1943)
• The big three agree to only accept unconditional
  surrender from Germany
• Tehran Conference (Nov. Dec. 1943)
• Meeting of the Big Three FDR, Winston
  Churchill (GB), and Stalin (USSR)
• Resulted in agreement to open up a second front
  against Nazis in Europe (D-Day).
• Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)
• Germany divided into 4 occupation zones leads to
  communist East Germany and democratic West
  Germany
• Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
• Potsdam Ultimatum
• Unconditional surrender of Japan

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After Effects

• Nuremburg Trials
• High ranking Nazi officers put on trial for war
  crimes
• Highest ranking officer (Goering) sentenced to
  death commits suicide before being executed
• Japan Rebuilt
• US rebuilds Japan, establishing a
  constitution/democratic govt
• Cold War
• Tensions between US USSR continue until 1990
  regarding spread of communism/democracy (Korea,
  Vietnam, Cuba, etc.)