Parasites Chapter 10

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ParasitesChapter 10
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Parasitology

• Parasites that infect humans have various
  classifications, characteristics, and life cycles
• Parasites are organisms that nourish themselves
  at the expense of other living things and cause
  them damage

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PROTOZOA

• Microscopic, one-celled animals
• Ciliophora (Ciliates)
• Mastigophora
• Sarcodina

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Ciliophora (Ciliates)

• Protozoa that move by means of many short,
  hair-like projections
• Balantidium coli is the only ciliate parasite
  harmful to humans
• Causes dysentary
• Transmitted by feces, fingers, food, fomites,
  flies

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Mastigophora

• Also known as flagellates
• Move by one or more long, whip-like flagella
• Giardia lamblia most common intestinal parasite
  in the US
• Travellers diarrhea
• Transmitted by drinking contaminated water

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Mastigophora

• Trypanosoma rhodesiense
• African sleeping sickness
• Fever, headaches, joint pains
• Most common in Uganda, and Congo
• Confusion, disruption of sleep cycle
• Fatal if not treated
• Mother to Child
• Blood transfusion
• Sexual Contact
• Tsetse fly (large brown biting fly)

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Mastigophora

• Trypanosoma cruzi
• Chagas disease
• Fever, fatigue, body aches, headache, rash,
  diarrhea, vomiting
• Swelling of eyelids on the side of the face near
  the bite wound
• 60 -80 will never develop symptoms
• 20-40 will develop life-threatening heart and/or
  digestive disorders

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Mastigophora

• Trichomonas vaginalis
• Most common pathogenic protozoan infection of
  humans in industrialized countries
• Infection rates between men and women are the
  same with women showing symptoms while men are
  usually asymptomatic
• WHO estimates 180 million cases annually
• North America 5-8 million infections each year

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Trichomonas vaginalis

• Sexually transmitted in the urogential tract
• Most common site of infection is the urethra and
  the vagina in women
• Complications include pregnancy complications
  (preterm delivery, low birth weight, increased
  mortality) cervical cancer, pneumonia,
  bronchitis, and increased secretions, and itching

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Sarcodina

• Also known as amoebas
• Move by extending cytoplasmic projections
• Reproduces by fission

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Sarcodina

• Entamoeba histolytica
• Causes dysentery in humans
• Can invade the liver and cause hepatitis

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Helminthes

• Parasitic worms that include
• Cestodes (flatworms)
• Nematodes (roundworms)
• Trematodes (flukes)

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Nematodes

• Roundworms
• Hookworms
• Pinworms
• Whipworms
• Distributed worldwide, found mostly in children

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Cestodes

• Flatworms
• Taenia saginata (beef) tapeworm
• Taenia solium (pork) tapeworm
• Cause intestinal disorders and severe weight loss
  
• Can grow up to 20 meters

28 foot tapeworm taken from person (transmitted
by sushi)
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Trematodes

• Flukes, flat leaf-shaped helminths
• Can inhabit the intestine, the liver, the lung,
  and the blood vessels
• Chronic diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Ulcers
• Hemorrhage of the intestinal wall
• Liver damage
• Transmitted
• Drinking infected water
• Eating infected raw meat or shellfish

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Arthropods

• Insects (flies, mosquitoes, lice, fleas,
  arachnids)
• Insects
• Pediculus head lice
• Phthirus sexually transmitted crab lice

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Arachnids

• Spiders, ticks, and mites
• Scabies
• Caused by Sarcoptes (Itch mite)
• Lyme Disease
• Caused by tick

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• Bacteria is the perhaps the most common and
  harmful parasite to humans because it can produce
  disease

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