Blood Groups/Types

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Blood Groups/Types
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Blood Group Terms

• Antigens chemical structures imparting specific
  properties to the surface of the RBC
• Antibodies protein substance developed in
  response to foreign body substances

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Blood Group Systems

• Detected on the basis of specific reaction with
  corresponding antibody (either agglutination,
  lysis, or hemolysis) as a result of the presence
  or absence of the blood protein antigens on the
  RBC surface
• Inherited according to Mendelian laws
• Fully formed either at birth or in early
  postnatal life persist throughout life

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ABO System

• Discovered by Landsteiner in 1900
• Prior to discovery, blood transfusions were hit
  or miss
• Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O

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Type A

• 41 of population
• Has A antigens on the RBC surface
• Has anti-B antibodies in the plasma
• Genotypes AA AO Phenotype A

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Type B

• 10 of population
• Has B antigens on the RBC surface
• Has anti-A antibodies in the plasma
• Genotype BB BO Phenotype B

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Type AB

• 4 of population
• Has A B antigens on the RBC surface
• Has NO antibodies in the plasma
• Universal Recipient can receive Type A, Type B,
  Type AB, or Type O blood ? NO antibodies in
  plasma to react with antigens
• Genotypes AB Phenotype AB

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Type O

• 45 of population
• Has NO antigens on RBC surface
• Has anti-A anti-B antibodies in the plasma
• Universal Donor can be given to any blood type ?
  no antigens on the RBCs
• Genotype OO Phenotype O

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Rh System

• Discovered by Landsteiner Wiener in 1937
• Discovered in the Rhesus monkey
• Rh is an antigen on the RBC surface

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• Rh has the antigens on the RBC (85 of
  population)
• Rh does NOT have the Rh antigens
• Rh can accept Rh or Rh blood
• Rh can accept ONLY Rh - blood

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Rh Incompatibility

• When Rh person receives Rh blood in a
  transfusion ? person develops antibodies against
  the Rh factor
• Clinical problem if second transfusion of Rh
  blood given ? Rh antibodies will clump with the
  Rh antigens
• S S of transfusion reaction chills, fever,
  rash, itching, SOB, nausea, nephralgia,
  hematuria, shock death

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Erythroblastosis fetalis

• Rh mother and Rh father ? Rh child 1st
  pregnancy
• Mother develops antibodies to babys Rh antigens
• 2nd pregnancy with Rh child ? mothers anti-Rh
  antibodies attack unborn childs RBCs
• Prevention shot of Rhogam shortly after birth of
  first Rh baby to block development of antibodies

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Erythroblastosis fetalis

• Antigen-antibody reaction due to mixing of Rh
  blood of fetus with Rh- blood of mother during
  2nd Rh pregnancy
• Prevented with shot of Rhogam at birth of 1st Rh
  baby