Ichthyology

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Ichthyology (Zoology 1450) Dr. Craig S.
Kasper Room BHUM 111
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The Science of Ichthyology, Properties of Water
What IS a Fish Anyway? Zoology 1450Chapter 1
(Helfman, Collette Facey)
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History of Ichthyology
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Introduction Ichthyology the Science

• History
• 384-322 B.C. Aristotle
• first scientific description of fish
• (118 spp.)

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Introduction Ichthyology the Science

• 1500 Guillaume RondeletDe Piscibus Marinum (244
  spp.)
• 1686 George Markgraf's
• Naturalis Brasilae (100 spp.)

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Introduction Ichthyology the Science

• History
• 1686 John Ray Francis Willoughby Historia
  Piscium (gt400 spp.).
• Carolus (Karl) Linnaeus father of
  taxonomy(1670-1738) develops binomial
  nomenclature (two name, genus species)
• Genus Species
• Oncorhynchus mykiss
• Common name Rainbow trout

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• A Fish Oddity
• Peter Artedi The father of ichthyology"a
  student of Linnaeus who identified five orders of
  aquatic and marine animals (including cetaceans)
  and divided those into genera.
• In 1732 both left Uppsala Artedi for England,
  and Linnaeus for Lapland before parting they
  reciprocally bequeathed to each other their
  manuscripts and books in the event of death. How
  fortunate for them! In an untimely demise,
  Artedi got drunk
• and drowned in Amsterdam canal!
• Linnaeus published his manuscripts
• posthumously.

So, dead men do tell tails...apparently!
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• More History...
• 1780s Marcus Elieser BlochIchthyologia as a
  series of volumes of plates. Johann
  Gottlob Schneider pub. M. E. Blochii Systemae
• Ichthyologiae (1,519 spp.)
• 1800s Georges Cuvier'sRegne animal
  distribué daprès son organisation (key step
  forward for fish
• classification). Cuvier also worked with his
  student Achille Valenciennes to produce the
  22-volume Histoire Naturelle des Poissons
  (never completed) yet 4,514 spp.

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• 1800s Albert Günther
• Catalogue of the Fishes
• of the British Museum
• gt6,800 d (another 1,700 mentioned).
• 1859 Charles Darwin
• Origin of the Species,
• animals placed within a
• common genus shared
• ancestral lineage.

Charles Darwin, 1854
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• 1900 David Starr Jordan (greatest
  ichthyologist at the time)wrote 650 articles and
  books on fish.
• He was also president of
• Indiana and Stanford Universities.

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• Still more history...
• 1896-1898 B.W. EvermannFishes of North America
  described
• ALL fish known in N. America and Panama at the
  time (4
• volumes).
• 1947 Leo BergRussian paleoichthyologist who
  combined study of
• fish and fossil records, Classification of
  Fishes, Recent and
• Fossil. First introduced the concept of
  iformes to endings of
• fish orders, eliminated confusion.
• 1966 Greenwood et al.produced the first modern
  classification of
• the majority of present day fishes.
• 1994 Balon et al.compilation of contributions
  to ichthyology by
• women scientists.

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Resources...

• Many resources for fish information.
• Texts Moyle and Cech 1996, Bond 1996, Bone 1994.
• Journals Copeia, Transaction of the American
  Fisheries Society, North American Journal of
  Fisheries Management, Aquaculture, Journal of the
  World Aquaculture Society, North American Journal
  of Aquaculture, Journal of Fish Biology, Journal
  of Ichthyology, etc...
• Internet www.fishbase.org, www.aquanic.org,
  www.afs.org
• (You can find almost anything out there, but
  read CAREFULLY!! Some stuff is still trash!)

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What is a fish??

• Classic definition
• -Any of numerous cold-blooded aquatic
  vertebrates of the
• superclass Pisces, characteristically having
  fins, gills, and a
• streamlined body and including specifically,
  and...
• -Any of the class Osteichthyes, having a bony
  skeleton, and...
• -Any of the class Chondrichthyes, having a
  cartilaginous
• skeleton and including the sharks, rays, and
  skates.
• Although this is all accurate...we will find
  that fish are
• considerably MORE!!

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Fish similarities...

• Vertebrate (or chordate)
• Gills
• Poikilothermic
• Fins
• Scales
• Always exceptions!

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Fish Diversity

• gt30,000 species (spp.) of fish today
• (note fish is singular, fishes more than one
  spp.)
• 41 freshwater
• 58 seawater
• 1 both (neither)

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Where Do Fish Live?

• Great environmental diversity many fish spp.
• Earths surface
• 70 oceans, part of remaining 30 freshwater.

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Fish can live three miles above sea level (15,000
feet)...
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...to nearly 35,000 ft down.
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Fish live in sub-zero temperatures in
Antarctica...
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... to hot spring water of more than 100ºF.
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• Water Quality

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Properties of Water
Aqueous Terrestrial Oxygen 0-14 mg/L
21 Temperature 10C
40C Density Variable Constant -max
density 4ºC -high specific heat -alters
light penetration Composition Variable
Constant Universal solvent- gas,
salts, liquids References (1) Boyd, C.
1990 (2) Lawson, T.B., 1995
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Q Why is water quality important?? A Fish
perform ALL bodily functions in water!

• Eat (Sleep)
• Breathe
• Excrete wastes
• Reproduce
• Take in and lose salts

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Fish Shapes Form is Function
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Fish vary in morphological cross-section
drastically. REM Form function go hand in
hand here.
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Next time Systematics Quiz 3, Chapter 2
(Helfman, Collette Facey)
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Dr. Craig S. Kasper Aquaculture Program
Manager Hillsborough Community College 10414 E.
Columbus Dr. BHUM 111 Tampa, FL 33619-7856 Phone
813-253-7881 FAX [phone] Email
ckasper_at_hccfl.edu
Photo Craig S. Kasper (2003)