Chapter 3 Matter, Energy, and Life

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Chapter 3Matter, Energy, and Life

• AP Environmental Science

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Matter

• -has mass
• -takes up space
• -everything you see is made of matter
• -all matter is made up of elements
• -elements are arranged into structures called
  atoms, the smallest unit of matter
• -Each element has an atomic number
• This determines the mass and size of the atom

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Molecules

• Atoms join up to form molecules
• Compounds are molecules
• Chemical bonds hold these molecules together
• Some bonds are strong and some bonds are weak

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Reactivity

• Atoms with a charge are called ions.
• Compounds that release H are acids.
• Compounds that release OH- are bases.

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Chemical Bonds.chemical energy!

• Ionic Bonds
• Electrons are donated
• Covalent Bonds
• Electrons are shared
• It is important for life that some bonds be weak,
  and some be strong.

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Organic Compounds

• Lipids
• Carbohydrates
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins

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Cells

• Many types of cells
• Smallest unit of life

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Energy Types

• Energy
• the ability to
• do work.
• Kinetic Energy
• the energy
• of movement
• Potential Energy
• stored energy

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Energy Use, Heat, and Temperature

• Energy is measured in calories, BTUs or Joules.
  1 calorie 4.184 J
• Temperature the measure of the amount of
  kinetic energy an object has. WHY?
• High quality energy can be useful to humans

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Conservation of Matter

• Matter can be
• transformed
• but it can
• never be
• destroyed.

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Thermodynamics

• Atoms are being circulated throughout the world.
  How? There needs to be an energy input for this
  to keep working!
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only
  transformed.
• 2nd law of Thermodynamics
• With each transformation less and less energy
  is available to do work.

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How does this apply to Life?

• You need to eat to live.
• If you dont stay warm you will die.
• You need energy to run your body chemistry.

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Solar Energy

• No life would exist without the sun.
• It runs our weather and provides energy for the
  food chain. This all begins with photosynthesis.

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Photosynthesis

• Who does it?
• Plants, algae,
• Euglenoids, some bacteria
• Photosynthesis
• Water Carbon dioxide
• Yields
• Glucose and Oxygen

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Cellular Respiration

• So how do
• we use that
• trapped
• chemical
• energy?

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How does this work out??
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Ecosystems

• Made up of
• Biological
• Communities
• Those are made
• up of populations
• of a species
• Populations are
• made up of individuals

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How does Energy Move ?
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How Do we measure Productivity?

• Productivity the amount of biomass produced in
  a given amount of time
• Photosynthesis Primary
• Biomass of Plant eaters Secondary
• Decomposers can decompose the biomass

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Food Chains

• Grass ?Grasshopper ?Frog ? Hawk
• Arrows go the way of energy flow.

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Food Webs

• Notice the levels
• These are called Tropic Levels

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Trophic Levels an organisms feeding status

• Producers
• Turn the sun into sugar
• Consumers
• Eat other organisms
• Decomposers
• Break down other organisms
• and turn them into soil

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We also look at the kinds of foods a critter
consumes

• Herbivore- eats plants only
• Carnivore-eats meat
• Omnivore-eats plants and animals
• Detrivore-decomposes organic material
• Scavenger-eats dead organisms

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Ecological Pyramids
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Nutrient Cycles

• Carbon Cycle
• Nitrogen Cycle
• Phosphorus Cycle
• Sulfur Cycle
• Water Cycle

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Carbon Cycle
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Phosphorus Cycle
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Sulfur Cycle
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Water Cycle
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Questions??