Presentation on Energy Efficiency

1

• Presentation on Energy Efficiency
• and
• Conservation

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Energy Efficiency And Conservation

• In broad sense, Energy Efficiency means
  economising on the use of energy without
  adversely affecting economic growth and
  development. It includes improving the efficiency
  of energy extraction, Transmission And
  Distribution and increasing the productivity of
  energy use.

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Energy Efficiency And Conservation (contd..)

• It is not merely a technological issue but it
  encompasses much broader economic and management
  issues. The cost effective of energy
  conservation/efficiency measures is well
  established as one unit of energy saved at the
  consumer end avoids nearly 2.5 to 3 times of
  capacity augmentation due to plant load factor,
  plant availability, auxiliary power consumption.

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Energy Conservation (contd.)

• The energy intensity per unit Gross Domestic
  Product (GDP) is much higher in India(3.7 times
  from Japan, 1.5 times from USA) than many of the
  countries of the world leading to high wastage of
  energy, power shortage and uncompetitive product
  pricing hindering international trading.

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Energy Conservation and its importance
60 of resources consumed so far
85 of raw energy comes from non-renewable
sources and hence not available for future
generation
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Energy Conservation (contd.)

• To meet the growing demand, it has been assessed
  that additional generating capacity of 1 lakh MW
  has to be added by 2012 requiring an investment
  of Rs. 8,00,000 crore approximately.
• It is estimated that high energy saving potential
  in the country approximately to the tune of about
  23 exists for the economy as a whole while in
  the electricity sector alone the energy saving
  potential is around 25000MW of installed
  capacity.

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Energy Conservation (contd.)

• So Energy Efficiency/Conservation and Demand Side
  Management measures can reduce power demand and
  prune building up of additional generating
  capacity to the extent it can be conserved.

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Why Energy Efficiency (EE) ?

• Negawatts win over Megawatts
• Economic perspective (National and/or Supplier)
• EE (or Negawatts) are cheaper than Megawatts
• EE provides maximum system wide benefits
• EE reduces need for imports scare resources
• EE mitigates risk from supply vulnerabilities

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Why Energy Efficiency (EE) ? Contd..

• Customer Perspective
• Utilities come closer to customers, better
  control
• Supply quality and reliability improvements
• Lowers impact of tariff rationalisation /
  increase
• Societal Perspective
• Environmental benefits (emissions and wastes)

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Sector wise Energy Consumption
Type of Consumer Percentage of Consumption
Agricultural 5
Industry 49
Transport 22
Residential 10
Others 14
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Energy Saving Potential
Sector Potential()
Economy as a whole Up to 23
Agricultural Up to 30
Industrial Up to 25
Transport Up to 20
Domestic and Commercial Up to 20
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Energy Saving Potential
contd..

• Assessed potential of 25000MW energy saving
• Energy Efficiency / Conservation and Demand Side
  Management measures can reduce peak and average
  demand
• One unit saved avoids 2.5 to 3 times of fresh
  capacity addition
• Investment in Energy Efficiency / Energy
  Conservation is highly cost effective
• Can be achieved less than Rs.1 crore/MW
• Also avoids investment in fuel, mining,
  transportation etc.

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Energy Conservation Act

• To tap the huge energy conservation potential
  Energy Conservation Act was .
• Enacted in October 2001
• Become effective from 1st March 2002
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
  operationalized from 1st March 2002.

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IMPORTANT FEATURES OF EC ACT
Standards and Labeling

• Evolve minimum energy consumption and performance
  standards for notified equipment appliances.
• Prohibit manufacture and sale of equipment
  appliances not conforming to standards.
• Introduce mandatory labeling to enable consumers
  to make informed choice.

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What are Standards and Labels?
STANDARDS Energy efficiency standards are sets
of procedures and regulations that prescribe the
energy performance of manufactured products,
sometimes prohibiting the sale of products less
energy-efficient than the minimum
standard. LABELS Energy efficiency labels are
informative labels affixed to manufactured
products indicating a products energy
performance in order to provide consumers with
the data necessary for making informed purchases.
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Action Initiated
( Standards Labeling)

• Equipment /appliances approved for notification
  include
• Refrigerators
• Room Air Conditioners (unitary)
• Electric Water Heater
• Electric Motors
• Agricultural Pump Sets
• Electric Lighting Ballasts
• Industrial Fans Blowers
• Air Compressors

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Action Initiated

( Standards Labeling) contd

• Discussions with manufacturers of Refrigerators,
  Air Conditioners, Agricultural Pump Sets and
  Motors
• Technical Committee constituted to fix criteria
  and procedure equipment testing

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Action Initiated

( Standards Labeling) contd

• Manufacturers agreed to
• Conduct equipment testing under third party
  witness
• Provide technical basis for the label
• Evolve rating plan for the label
• Introduce labeling within two months

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Designated Consumer

• Schedule to the Act provides list of Designated
  Consumers
• Designated Consumers to
• get energy audit by Accredited energy audit
  firms
• implement cost effective recommendations
• appoint or designate energy manager
• comply with energy consumption norms and
  standards
• By regulations BEE to prescribe
• qualification and certification procedure for
  Energy Manager Energy Auditors.
• accreditation procedure for Energy Audit firms.
  

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Action Initiated (Designated Consumers)

• Governing Council of BEE approved
• To notify of cement paper and pulp and textile
  sectors as designated consumers
• To cover units with 5 MW connected load or annual
  30000 tonnes of oil equivalent consumption
• National level certification examination and its
  syllabus for certification of energy managers and
  energy auditors
• Engaging NPC as the certifying agency
• To empanel 11 institutions for running
  certification course
• Procedure for temporary accreditation of energy
  auditors

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Action Initiated (Designated Consumers)

• Task force in cement, paper pulp and textile
  sectors formed. Fertiliser, chemicals,
  petrochemicals and choler alkali under way
• Members to achieve the energy efficiency through
  best practices, benchmarking, energy audit etc.
• Industries motivated through National Energy
  Conservation Award scheme
• Industries being approached to take commitments
• Industries like INDAL, Rastriya Ispat Nigam
  Limited, NRC, Moral Overseas Ltd., BK Birla Group
  of Companies committed to reduce energy
  consumption
• Small group activities focused on Energy
  Conservation initiated

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Energy Conservation
Building Codes (ECBC )

• BEE to prepare guidelines on ECBC
• To be modified by States to suit local
  climatic conditions
• To be applicable to new buildings having
  connected load of 500 KW

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• To set up Energy Conservation Fund for providing
  
• Innovative financing
• Promotion of energy service companies
• Research Development
• Demonstration
• Creation of testing facilities
• Awareness creation

Energy Conservation Fund
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Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)

• Important Roles include
• Implementation of provisions of Energy
  Conservation Act
• Quick coordination
• Policy research
• Promotion of energy efficiency
• Development of new financial instruments
• Development of ESCOS
• Awareness creation.

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Self Regulation

• Section 17 provides power of inspection but Act
  enforcement through self-regulation
• Manufacturers agreed to
• Give energy consumption test results for labels
• Setup steering committee with BEE for prescribing
  criteria for
• Label design
• Standard setting
• Enforcement mechanism
• Designated consumers to publish certified energy
  consumption figures in the annual report

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MARKET MECHANISM

• Energy Efficiency investment is highly cost
  effective
• Resultant energy saving pays back investment
  between 6 to 36 months.
• Huge market
• Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) willing to
  invest with performance guarantee and recover
  investment from energy savings win-win
  situation.
• Requires policy support demonstration
  innovative financing like guarantee, insurance,
  venture capital pro-active support by Banks,
  etc.

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Electricity Used for Lighting

• Nearly 10 of the electricity is consumed for
  lighting in the residential commercial
  building. This amounts to a connected load of
  approx. 11,000 MW and annual electricity
  consumption of 50 billion KWh.

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CFL Example

• Watts Light Cost Life No of Units
• Lumens Rs. Hours hrs/day /Year
• Bulb 60 700 10 1000 4 88
• CFL 15 700 200 7000 4 22

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Luminous Performance Characteristics of Commonly
Used Luminaries
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Energy savings in lighting System

• Make maximum use of natural light (North
  roof/translucent sheets/more windows and
  openings)
• Switch off when not required
• Modify lighting layout to meet the need
• Select light colours for interiors
• Provide timer switches / PV controls
• Provide lighting Transformer to operate at
  reduced voltage
• Install energy efficient lamps, luminaries and
  controls
• Clean North roof glass, translucent sheet and
  luminaries regularly

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Energy Saving in Lighting

• Separate lighting Transformer
• To isolate from power feeder
• To avoid voltage fluctuation problem
• Energy saving at optimum voltage
• Install Servo stabilizer if separate transformer
  is not feasible
• High frequency electronic ballast's(30khz)
• Energy savings 30 to 35
• Less heat load into A/C room
• Metal halide in place of Mercury and SVL lamps
• CFT in place of incandescent lamps

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Energy Saving in Fan

• Fans are used extensively in summer months. Use
  of high efficiency fan motor and use of
  electronic regulator (in place of conventional
  resistance regulator) can lead to about 20
  saving in energy. The fans with aerodynamic
  designs and improved impellers consume about 20
  less energy but are 30 costlier as compared to
  conventional fans.

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Energy Saving in Refrigerator

• The efficiency of refrigerators in India, is
  rather poor. A typical 165 ltr. Indian
  refrigerator consumes about 540 KWH per year.
  Whereas on the other hand the 200 ltr. Korean
  model consumes about 240 KWH per year. High
  efficiency refrigerator are not manufactured in
  India. This refrigerators use a different
  compressor design which are very sensitive to
  voltage of electric supply. Unless quality of
  electric supply is improved this refrigerators
  can not be improved in India.

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Energy Saving in Motors

• The electric Motors form the heart of the
  industries, out of the total motors in operation
  98 is Induction Motors. Induction Motors
  consumes 70 of the total Electrical Energy
  generated.
• Capacity of Motors a Torque
• a
  V2

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Energy Saving in Motors

• Causes for Energy Loss in Induction Motors
• The Various causes of Energy Loss in Induction
  Motors are due to the following factors
• Over sized Motors
• Rewound Motors
• Improper Voltage
• Less Efficient Motor Driven Equipment
• Idle Run

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Energy Saving in Motors

• Over sized Induction Motor
• Sizing of Motors plays a vital Role in Energy
  Efficiency. It is very difficult to choose a
  right size of Motor in a single step application.
• In any industry while designing the capacity of
  motor for a particular application involves
  two/three stages. Over sizing of motor is very
  common in typical industry

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Energy Saving in Motors

• Over sized Induction Motor (contd.)
• The major reasons for over sizing of motors
  may be due to
• Starting torque requirements
• Excess cushion safety factors
• Adhoc decisions

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Energy Saving in Motors

• Rewound Motors
• Rewound Induction Motors are common in Indian
  Industries. Especially, in Textiles, Paper
  industries and Un-organised sectors such as small
  Flour mills, Lathe shop and Agricultural farms.
  Induction Motors are used even after more than
  four times rewound

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Energy Saving in Motors

• Rewound Motors (contd.)
• Reason for loss in efficiency Rewound Motors
• Eddy Current loss eddy current loss is
  proportional to the square of the thickness of
  the lamination
• At the time motor coil burning the temperature of
  the winding rises more than 400oC, this
  temperature will evaporate the burnish insulation
  between lamination of both rotor and stator this
  results in increase of eddy current loss

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Energy Saving in Motors

• Presence of carbon the stator and rotor core is
  made up of thin stamping (0.28mm to 0.45mm). The
  stamping are insulated from each other by varnish
  insulation coating, which consists of
  hydrocarbon. Therefore while motor coil burns
  varnish also burns and evaporates. The resulting
  deposition of some unburned carbon between the
  stampings which deteriorates the magnetic
  property and hence the magnetic loss increases.

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Energy Saving in Motors

• Further the presence of carbon results in early
  magnetic saturation and reduces the flux density
  of the stator and rotor cores for the same
  magnetisation current. Usually, the Wrought iron,
  and Cast iron have early magnetic saturation and
  poor magnetic property because of the high carbon
  content compared to Steel. Thus in rewound motor
  magnetic loss increases.

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Energy Saving in Motors

• Improper Voltage
• The performance of any induction motor will be
  good, when the voltage/frequency ratio should be
  maintained constant. If a 380 Volt 50 Hz designed
  induction motor operated with 415V, 50Hz will
  lead to excess magnetisation loss. This will be
  the case in many of the important motor designed
  for other frequency and voltage than Indian
  frequency voltage.

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Energy Saving in Motors

• Case Study In a White Cement Plant
• The DG set is imported from Czechoslovakia as a
  package of entire system. The cooling system pump
  motor are the part of the system. In
  Czechoslovakia, the motors are designed for 380
  volts, 50 Hz supply. But the cooling tower pump
  motor(22KW) is operated with 415Volts, 50Hz
  supply, leading to excess magnetization losses
  and excess temperature rise and one of the motor
  has already burned out due to insulation failure.

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Energy Saving in Motors

• Case Study
• Observations
• Surface temperature measured -
• 80 loaded 415V rated motor 50 60oC
• 80 loaded 380V rated motor 72 76oC
• Estimated saving potential 8 10
• Recommendation
• The existing 380V, 50Hz motor in the cooling
  water pump (4 nos.) was replaced with 415V, 50Hz
  energy efficient motor which has the annual
  savings of Rs. 84000/-

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Energy Saving in Motors

• Less Efficient Motor Driven Equipment
• Earlier for variable speed, welding application
  etc., Motor Generator sets are used. This is the
  Energy Inefficient practice. This offers a good
  scope to reduce energy consumption by using the
  latest technology to meet the requirements
• For example the recent method to get accurate
  variable speed control can be achieved by using
  Thyristor drives which is the ideal replacement
  for Ward Leonard drive. Similarly Motor Generator
  set is used for welding application.

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Energy Saving in Motors

• Presently few machines are driven by Ward Leonard
  drives for better speed control. From Energy
  Efficiency point of view Ward Leonard drives are
  inefficient and operating efficiency is only 70
  to 80 for full load condition. The power
  measurements indicated that no load power
  consumption of the drive varies from 10 to 14.
  The modern Thyristor drives with fine speed
  control is popular in Industry and its efficiency
  is around 90 to 98. The no load power
  consumption is more or less negligible.

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Energy Saving in Motors

• Idle Run
• In some of the industrial application, the
  auxiliaries equipment will run even main
  equipment is switched off. There is a possibility
  to switch off whenever possible by incorporating
  controls like interlocks and timer based
  controllers. This will reduce the idle running
  time and energy consumption.

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Energy Saving in Motors

• Case Study In a Rubber Industry
• Presently in Preformers, the Hydraulic drives are
  running continuously. The time study indicates
  around 5 of the time in a day the preformer
  hydraulic drive is running idle. There is a scope
  to reduce energy consumption during Lunch Break,
  Die Changing, Material Charging Changing time.
• The Power Measurement Details are as follows
• Minicrowe Preformer 18.5 KW
• Idle running Power cons 4.67 KW
• Crowe Preformer 30.0 KW
• Idle running Power cons 7.67 KW
• Recommendation Recommend to interlock between
  the rubber cutter and hydraulic drive motor to
  reduce idle running during Lunch Break, Die
  Changing, Material Charging Changing time.

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Demand Side Management

• The total demand of an area deeps on varying
  depending on the time of the day and the season.
  The Load Factor is the ratio of Average Power to
  Peak Power. A high Load Factor means lower cost
  of generation. Every electric utility tries to
  improve the power factor to a value close to 1.

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Demand Side Management
1.0
1.0
Operating Cost
Operating Cost
0.8
0.8
Relative Generation Cost
Relative Generation Cost
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
Fixed cost
Fixed cost
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Load Factor
Load Factor
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Demand Side Management

• Load management is the concept of changing the
  consumers electricity use pattern. Load
  management has the purpose of improving the
  effect of utilisation of generating capacity and
  encouraging the best use of electricity by all
  consumers of different categories. Moreover the
  forced outages are reduced and service
  reliability is improved.

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Demand Side Management

• By controlling the load at the consumer premises
  the load curve can be flattened. In this way the
  power generation by the low efficiency generation
  units can be minimised and forced outages are
  avoided. The peak load reduction can make it
  possible to postponed the building of new power
  stations. In this way considerable saving can be
  achieved.

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Energy Conservation in Distribution (HVDS)

• Reduction of line losses by replacing smaller
  number of larger transformers with larger number
  of smaller transformers located nearer to loads
  and thus reducing the length of LT lines. Such an
  arrangement will result in better voltages, less
  outages, increased transformer life, easier
  replacement of failed transformers and fewer
  consumers are affected by transformer failure.
• Improvement of power factor to 0.9 through LV
  switched capacitor panels on all transformers
  supplying to pump-sets.

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Smaller no. of Large Transformer Vs Larger no. of
Small Transformer
11KV Line
Small DT
Large Transformer
Well
Small DT
Small DT
LT Line
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Energy Conservation in Distribution Transformers

• All transformers feeding pump loads to be
  provided with remote controlled LV circuit
  breakers to be operated in rotation instead of
  switching off 11KV lines.
• Use of energy-efficient transformers
  (amorphous-core transformers) to reduce no-load
  losses. Typical core-loss savings are illustrated
  below

Transformer Capacity Losses with silicon steel Losses with amorphous metal
25KVA 100W 25W
63KVA 180W 45W
100KVA 260W 60W
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Improvement of System Performance with
improvement in Capacity Factor

Generation
Transmission and Distribution
End-Use
Capacity Factor 0.4
TD Losses 25
End Conversion Losses 66.7
3Kwh
1 Kwh
4 Kwh
I
TD Losses 15
End Conversion Losses 50
Capacity Factor 0.6
1Kwh
2Kwh
2.3 Kwh
II
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Network Planning Through GIS (Geographical
Information System)

• Computer-aided network planning to minimise
  losses and maximise system efficiency
• Accurate measurement of energy consumed is
  necessary for energy audit to arrive at energy
  conservation measures.

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Need Base Energy Management

• In power sector there is a distinct difference
  between demand and need
• Consumers of electric power could be classified
  into five broad categories.
• Industrial users
• Agricultural sector
• Commercial organisation
• Domestic
• Essential services

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Need Base Energy Management

• A Need based energy management would
• Identify the needs of various consumers
• Forecast the generation requirement based on the
  need
• Plan power generation as per forecast
• Lay down a suitable transmission and distribution
  network
• Regulate distribution as per need
• Monitor matching of need with supply

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Advantages of NBEM

• It ensures high reliability of supply to
  consumers meeting the specific demand effectively
  for period of actual requirement
• The system losses can be substantially reduced
  since line and equipment not get overloaded at
  any point of time
• The voltage profile at all level is improved thus
  safeguarding the customers equipment from losing
  their efficiency at low voltage
• The scheme facilitates the adoption of energy
  conservation and energy audit policy

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• Thank You