Hypercar

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Hypercar

• Pollution Prevention
• Michelle Bates

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What is a Hypercar?

• Ultralight, Low-Drag, Hybrid-Electric Vehicle
  (HEV)
• 2 Sources of energy
• Fuel cells, gas turbines, diesels, lean burn
  gasoline engines
• Flywheels, batteries, ultracapacitors
• 2 Drive trains
• Internal Combustion Engine- gas or alt. fuels
• Battery driven electric

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Drivesystems

• Conventional
• Internal combustion engine coupled to wheels
  through the transmission, driveshaft, etc.
• Hybrid-Electric
• Engine (or other power source) generates
  electricity from fuel, which then powers electric
  motors that turn the wheels

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Six Main Sources of Energy Loss in a Conventional
Car
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Hypercar Strategies to Reduce Energy Losses

• Ultralight
• 1994 Average U.S. Passenger car 1439 kg
• 2000-2005 Hypercar (4-5 seat) 521 kg
• Low Aerodynamic Drag
• Hybrid-Electric Drivesystem
• Efficient Accessories

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Ultralight

• Composites
• Embed strong reinforcing fibers in a supporting
  "matrix" of polymer
• Advanced Composites
• Long or continuous reinforcing fibers such as
  carbon or aramid (kevlar) in addition to glass

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Advanced Composite Materials

• Advantages
• 50-65 reduction in weight
• Crashworthy
• Design Flexibility
• Durability
• Manufacturing

• Disadvantages

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GMs 1991 Ultralite Concept Car
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Mass Decompounding
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Low-Drag Aerodynamic Design

• Smooth underbody
• Low-angle windshields
• Tapered rear end
• Minimized body seams
• Aerodynamically designed air intakes, suspension,
  and wheel wells
• Result 40-50 decrease in drag

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Rolling Resistance

• 1/3 engine output lost
• Solution
• lightweight car
• tire improvements
• improved wheel bearing and brake design
• Reduction in rolling resistance by 50-80

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Hybrid-Electric Drive

• Series
• Engine with generator to supply electricity for
  battery pack and electric motor
• No mechanical connection
• Power transferred electrically to wheel motor

• Parallel
• Direct mechanical connection between hybrid power
  unit and wheels
• Electric motor drives the wheels
• Example

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Hybrid-Electric Drive

• Series

• Parallel

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Hybrid-Electric Drive

• Generate electricity from the fuel, powers wheel
  motors
• Electric motors can recover part of the braking
  energy

Wheel Motor
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Hybrid-Electric Drive

• Large decrease in engine size
• reduces weight, cost, fuel consumption
• Drive system efficiency doubled

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Efficient Accessories

• Avoid heat buildup by using
• Insulation, special heat-reflecting glass,
  solar-powered vent fans
• Innovative cooling and dehumidification systems
• Improved headlights and taillights
• More efficient electronics and interior lighting
  systems

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Hypercar
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Whole Systems Approach

• Optimizing parts individually results in
  inefficiency overall
• Hypercar is cost effective when the entire system
  is designed for efficiency

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Hypercar Safety

• Advanced composites
• Smaller propulsion system
• room at both ends of the car for materials
  dedicated to crash energy management
• Front and side airbags, harnesses with
  pretensioners and stress-limiters, padding,
  active headrests

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Pollution Prevention

• Hypercars would go roughly 2-4 times farther on a
  unit of fuel
• decreased overall carbon dioxide emissions
• lower emissions per vehicle mile traveled
• Alternative fuels

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Fuel Efficiency
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Life Cycle Assessment

• Advanced Composites are durable
• wont rust, dent or chip
• Total weight is much less, so there is less pure
  waste produced

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Current Status

• Hypercars do not currently exist
• Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) do exist
• Chrysler, Ford and GM
• Year 2000 prototype HEVs
• Year 2003 release HEVs on the U.S. market
• Department of Energy HEV Propulsion Program
• Funds 50 of development costs

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Toyotas Hybrid-Electric Prius Sedan

• Japanese market for one year
• Not ultralight (weighs 330 lbs. more)
• 66 miles per gallon
• Emissions reduced to 1/10th the Japanese legal
  requirement
• U.S. market year 2000

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Future Projections

• Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs)
• One tenth of new cars sold in five U.S. states by
  2004
• Half of all vehicles Hypercars by 2020
• Overall fuel consumption 25 percent less than
  today's level

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Battery Electric Cars vs. Hybrid-Electric Cars

• Battery Electric
• Run on electricity stored in onboard batteries
• Gasoline contains 100 times more energy per pound
  than batteries
• Several thousand pounds of batteries (mass
  compounding)
• Range less than 150 miles

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Battery Electric Cars vs. Hybrid-Electric Cars

• Battery-Electric
• Batteries must be replaced every few years
• Batteries cost 2000-15,000 each
• Batteries not recyclable
• Emission shifting

GMs EV1
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Battery Electric Cars vs. Hybrid-Electric Cars

• Hybrid-Electric Cars
• Wheels powered by electric motor or motors,
  convert fuel into energy as they go
• Alternative fuel sources (Ex renewable fuel
  cells)
• Decrease carbon dioxide emissions
• Increased engine and drive systems efficiency
• Mass decompounding

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Economic Impacts The Winners

• Makers of power electronics, microelectronics,
  advanced electric motors and small engines,
  alternative power plants and storage devices, and
  software
• Composite materials, structures, and tooling and
  manufacturing equipment suppliers
• Providers of polymers, fibers, coatings, and
  adhesives for the composites industry
• Aerospace firms

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Economic Impacts Losers

• Iron and steel industries (a Hypercar has 92
  less iron and steel)
• Heavy machine tools
• Oil for motor fuel
• Automotive fluids and lubricants

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For More Information

• The Hypercar Center
• www.hypercarcenter.org
• Hybrid Electric Vehicle Program
• www.hev.doe.gov
• Rocky Mountain Institute
• www.rmi.org
• Toyota Prius
• www.toyota.com