Iris Scanning

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Iris Scanning

• By,
• rahul vijay

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Introduction

• Biometrics provides a secure method of
  authentication and identification.
• Biometric identification utilises physiological
  and behavioural characteristics to authenticate a
  persons identity.
• A biometric system can be divided into two
  stages
• Enrolment module
• Identification module
• Biometric devices have three primary components
• Automated mechanism
• Processing, Storage and comparison of image
  with a stored data
• Interfaces

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• Irises are one of the more accurate physiological
  characteristics that can be used.
• The probability of finding two people with
  identical iris pattern is almost zero.
• The iris-scan process begins with a photograph.

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History

• In 1936 By Frank Burch .
• In 1987 By Aram Safir and Leonard
  Flom .
• In 1987 By John Daugman .
• In 1994 Basis for all iris
  recognition system products .
• In 1996 By licensee sensar.
• Bet 1997-1999 By NCR Corps Diebold Corp.

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What is Iris?

• The iris is a protective internal organ of a
  eye, which appear as a colored disc , behind
  clear protective window of cornea, surrounded by
  white tissue of the eye.

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Iris as Powerful Identifier

• The iris is called the living password because of
  its unique, random features.
• The probability that any two irises would be
  alike is one in 10 to 78th power.
• Iris artificial duplication is virtually
  impossible.

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Working Of Iris Scanning
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Image Acquisition
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Image acquisition using visible light

• Using visible light the texture information
  obtained is less.
• The different layers are visible while using
  visible light .

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Image acquisition using infrared light

• A better texture information is obtained using
  infrared light.
• It gives more precise data for comparison.

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Iris Imaging

• Position Your eye 10 to 15 centimetres from the
  iris scanner.
• Make sure that you can only see one eye in the
  LCD display of the iris scanner.
• If you feel that one eye is giving you more
  trouble than the other, always use the other
  eye.
• Keep your eye still during the scan.
• Stand still until the computer indicates
  identification is completed.

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Iris localization

• The process of obtaining picture of iris only is
  called localization.
• Delimits the iris from the rest of the acquired
  image
• To identify the approximately concentric circular
  outer boundaries of the iris and the pupil in a
  photo of an eye using DAUGMANS ALGORITHM
• Exclude eyelids, eyelashes and pupil also .

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Feature Encoding

• After localization iris code is computed based on
  information received from GABOR WAVELETS.
• GABOR WAVELETS are specialized filter banks that
  extract information from signal at various
  locations and scales.
• The IRIS CODE is calculated using 8 circular
  bands that has been adjusted to iris and pupil
  boundary.
• Iris recognition tech converts visible
  characteristic of iris into 512 bit iris code,
  these templates are stored for future
  verification attempts.

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Pattern Matching

• Live Iris code of the iris presented for
  authentication is compared with iris code stored
  in the database.
• Bit by bit comparison is made between two irises
  no of non matching bits matching bits are
  found out.
• Number of non matching bits are divided by number
  of bits to obtain Hamming distance.
• Hamming distance gives degree of match or
  unmatch. For two identical iris code, hamming
  distance is zero, and for perfectly unmatch
  hamming distance is one.

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Comparison with respect to cost Accuracy

• Iris scanning is most expensive biometric
  security system when compared to other.
• But the accuracy of this system is
  proportionately high.

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Comparison of Iris Recognition with other
Biometrics
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Applications

• Computing environment.
• Need for large throughput and queuing.
• Tracking Prisoner Movement.

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Future Applications

• Computer login The iris as a living password.
• National Border Controls The iris as a living
  password.
• Telephone call charging without cash, cards or
  PIN numbers.
• Premises access control (home, office, laboratory
  etc.).
• Driving licenses and other personal certificates.
• Entitlements and benefits authentication.
• Forensics, birth certificates, tracking missing
  or wanted person
• Automobile ignition and unlocking anti-theft
  devices.

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Advantages

• Sensing of the biometric is without physical
  contact .
• Iris is an internal organ is well protected
  against damage .
• Iris has a fine texture .
• Highly stable .
• Artificial eye can be detected .
• Analysis of iris extremely fast .
• Highly accurate .

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Disadvantages

• Requires much user cooperation.
• Performance of iris authentication may be
  impaired by glasses .
• Difficult to perform at a distance larger than a
  few meters
• Susceptible to poor image quality .
• Camera used in the process needs to have the
  correct amount of illumination.
• Obscured by eyelashes, lenses, reflections .

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Conclusion

• The uniqueness of iris and the low probability of
  a false acceptance or false rejection all
  contribute to the benefits of using iris
  recognition technology.
• Provides an accurate and secure method of
  authenticating users onto company systems .
• The technical performance cabability of the iris
  recognition process far surpasses that of any
  biometric technology now available and it is the
  future of highly secure security system.

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References

• Daugman J (1999) "Biometric decision
  landscapes." Technical Report No TR482,University
  of Cambridge Computer Laboratory.
• J. Daugman, The Importance of Being Random
  Statistical Principles of Iris Recognition,
  Pattern Recognition, vol. 36, no. 2, pp 279-291.
• R. P. Wildes, Iris Recognition An Emerging
  Biometric Technology, Proc. of the IEEE, vol.
  85, no. 9, 1997, pp. 1348-1363.
• Websites
• http//www.iris-scan.com/iris_cautionary.htm
• http//www.iriscan.com/basics.php
• http//www.cl.cam.ac.uk
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_recognition