Vetiver grass as component of integrated pest management IPM systems

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Vetiver grass as component of integrated pest
management (IPM) systems

• Johnnie van den Berg
• School of Environmental Sciences and Development,
• North West University
• South Africa

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Aim of presentation

• What is IPM?
• The role of Vetiver grass technology (VT)
• in pest management

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Vetiver grass is known as a soil erosion
management tool
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Malawi
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Ethiopia
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Insect pests
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Damage to maize
Stem borer in sorghum
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What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM) ?

• A system that uses
• all suitable techniques
• in a compatible manner
• maintain pest populations
• at levels below those that
• cause economic injury

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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Plant resistance
Cultural Control
Biological control
Chemical control
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Aim of IPM
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Aim of IPM
Economic injury level
Economic threshold
General equilibrium
Population density
Vetiver grass trap crop
Time
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• The following topics are addressed
• Lepidopterous stem borers of maize
• 2. Sugar cane stem borers
• 3. Rice stem borers
• 4. Nematodes
• 5. Arthropod diversity and beneficial insects
• 6. Termites
• 7. Insect pests of vetiver
• 8. Integrated pest management

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• Stem borers of maize

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Life cycle of stem borers
Moth
Eggs
Larvae
Pupae
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Habitat management system
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Habitat management system in Africa
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Zulu land
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Soil erosion trap crop
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Characteristics of ideal trap crop

• Low larval
• survival

• Highly attractive for
• oviposition

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AIMS

• To evaluate if vetiver is
• gtgtgt attractive for oviposition
• gtgtgt is suitable for larval survival.
• To evaluate vetiver as trap crop under fields
  conditions.

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Two-choice tests
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Eggs were counted
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Number of eggs per plant laid by Chilo moths in
2-choice tests in cages
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Number of eggs laid by Chilo moths in 2-choice
tests in a green house
Conclusion
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2. Larval survival

• Potted plants
• Stems infested with 30 eggs each
• Green house study
• Vetiver and maize
• Grown in soil
• Dissected 28 days after egg hatch

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80
60
()
Mean larval survival
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20
0
Maize Napier Vetiver
Survival of Chilo partellus larvae after 28 days
on potted plants in a green house experiment.
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Mortality factors reducing larval survival
Leaf trichomes
High larval Spin off
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• 3. Field studies
• South Africa Malawi
• Napier grass, vetiver, maize monocrop
• vetiver and maize monocrop

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Malawi
Limpopo Province South Africa
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Limpopo Province South Africa
35 x 20 m 2 replicates
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Field experiment in Malawi (Oct 2005)
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Damaged plants () in a monocrop block of maize
and blocks surrounded by Napier or vetiver grass
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3
2
5
7
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1 9 damage rating scale for stem borer leaf
damage
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Damage rating of plants in a monocrop block of
maize and blocks surrounded by Napier or vetiver
grass
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Vetiver
15 x 15 m
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Damage rating in maize
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CONCLUSIONS

• Vetiver grass exhibited all the characteristics
  of an ideal trap crop for Chilo partellus
• More field evaluations needed

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2. Sugar cane stem borers
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Sugar cane borer Eldana saccharina
Eldana moths prefer to lay eggs on vetiver
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3. Rice stem borers
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White heads in rice
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Egg batches of rice stem borers (Pyralidae)
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Studies to be conducted

• Oviposition preference (Rice vs. vetiver)
• 2. Larval survival (Rice vs. vetiver)

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4. Nematodes
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Nematodes inside roots
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Food garden
Pumpkin
Cabbage
Carrots
Sweet potato
Spinach
Onion
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Root knot nematode (Meloidogyne) damage
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Table 1. Meloidogyne incognita race 2 numbers /
50g roots and RF-values on vetiver grass and
vegetable crops
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5. Arthropod diversity and beneficial insects
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Sweep net sampling
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Vetiver
Maize
Early season
Late season
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Abundance of arthropods per sample during a
winter and summer sampling
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Number of arthropod species on vetiver and maize
during winter and summer sampling
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Insect guilds
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Beneficial insects Egg of Chrysopidae and a
larvae that eats aphids
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Diversity of beneficial insects on vetiver (in
winter)
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Pine apple fields In the eastern Cape
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6. Termites
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Tunnel length (cm)
Source Lara Maistrello and Gregg Henderson, LSU
Ag. Center, Dept of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA
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Numbers of Protozoa
Source Lara Maistrello and Gregg Henderson, LSU
Ag. Center, Dept of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA
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7. Insect pests of vetiver
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Hemiptera (spittle bug)
Homoptera (sucking bug)
Hemiptera (sucking bug)
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Mussel scale
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Hemiptera sucking bug damage (Venezuela)
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8. Integrated pest management
Vetiver alone is not enough to control
pest It must form part of crop health
management system
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Plant resistance
Cultural control (Vetiver)
Chemical control
IPM
Biological Control (Vetiver)
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What is the future of vetiver in crop protection?
Research is just beginning but the potential
impact is immense.
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Distribution of vetiver grass and stem borer
problem areas
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Added-on benefits to vetiver
Soil erosion control
Forage value
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CONCLUSIONS

• Vetiver grass multi-purpose technology
• exhibited all the characteristics of trap crop
  for Chilo partellus
• It could possibly be used in rice agro-ecosystems
  (other Chilo spp.)
• Should be evaluated in rice ecosystems

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Thank you very much !!
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