AKS 32: Ancient Rome

1
AKS 32Ancient Rome

• Chapter 6
• Pages 155-183

2
32a Explain how geographic features cultural
diffusion affected the development of Roman
civilizations

• WARM-UP

3
The Legend753 B.C. Rome is founded (according to
the legend)

• Founded by Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the
  god Mars
• Twins abandoned raised by she-wolf
• Romulus killed Remus and founded city of Rome

4
Roman Geography

• Chosen for
• Fertile soil
• Strategic location
• Center of Italian peninsula in center of
  Mediterranean Sea
• Seven hills on the Tiber River

5
The First Romans

• Three Groups
• Latins
• Found original settlement of Rome between 1000
  and 500 B.C.
• Greeks
• These prosperous and commercially active cities
  brought all of Italy, including Rome, into closer
  contact with Greek civilization
• Etruscans
• Native to Northern Italy
• They had a lot of cultural influence on the
  Latins. (alphabet, architecture, arch, togas,
  and trade)

6
Romes Religion and Values

• Both the Greeks and the Etruscans had an
  influence on the development of Roman religion.
• polytheists who believed in many gods and
  spirits.
• The Romans took the legends and stories of the
  Greek gods and renamed them for themselves.
• Values Gravitas
• Gravitas
• emphasized discipline, strength, and loyalty. A
  person with these values was said to have the
  important virtue of gravitas, weightiness or
  seriousness.
• The Romans honored strength more than beauty,
  power more than grace, usefulness more that
  elegance, and steadiness more than quickness of
  mind.
• The father is the head of the household

7
32b - compare the origins and structure the Roman
Republic and the Roman Empire32d - trace the
development of Rome from Republic to Empire

• WARM-UP

8
600 B.C.Etruscan becomes king of Rome

• Kings build Romes first temples and public
  centers

Ruins of the Forum, the political center of the
Roman Empire, still stand in present-day Rome
9
509 B.C.Roman aristocrats overthrow monarchy

• Established a republic
• Govt in which citizens elect leaders
• Citizen adult males who own land
• Two groups struggled for power
• Patricians
• Plebeians

10
The Roman RepublicPatricians Plebeians

• Patricians
• Wealthy landowning class that holds most of the
  power
• Plebeians
• Artisans, merchants, farmers
• Can vote, but cant rule
• Birth alone determined every Romans social and
  political status. Marriage between the patrician
  and plebeian classes were forbidden.

11
Struggle of Orders

• Plebeians were barred by law from holding most
  important positions in government(commanding
  armies, serving as high priests, or holding high
  offices)
• Thousands of plebeians refused to fight in the
  Roman army unless patricians agreed to certain
  reforms. They gained access to many political
  offices and obtained favorable laws.

12
The Roman Republic451 B.C. Officials began
writing the Twelve Tables (Legal Code)

• Became basis for later Roman law
• Laws confirm right of all free citizens to
  protection of the law
• Citizenship is limited to adult male landowners
• Tables were hung in the Forum

13
The Roman RepublicGovernment Executive Branch

• Consuls
• Two Rulers
• One leads army, one to direct government
• Served 1-year term
• Could not serve again for another 10 years
• One consul could always overrule, or veto, the
  others decisions
• Elected by the senate
• Could appoint a temporary dictator for 6 months
  in times of crisis

14
The Roman RepublicGovernment

• Praetors
• 8 judges chosen for one year by the Centuriate
  Assembly
• 1 judge oversaw civil court
• 1 judge oversaw criminal court
• Other 6 governed the provinces

15
The Roman RepublicGovernment

• Others
• Aediles
• Plebeians in charge of religious festivals,
  public games, temples, upkeep of city, regulation
  of marketplaces, grain supply
• Quaestors
• financial officers
• Tribunes
• Elected representatives who protected the rights
  of plebeians and made laws for the common people
  and the republic
• Censors
• elected every 5 years to conduct census, enroll
  new citizens, review roll of senate
• Dictator
• in times of military emergency appointed by
  consuls limited to 6 months

16
The Roman RepublicGovernment

• Senate
• Chosen from upper class (patricians)
• Served for life
• Advised consuls
• 300 members
• Responsible for making foreign and domestic policy

17
The Roman RepublicGovernment Legislative

• Curiate Assembly
• Oldest unit of organization
• Controlled by patricians
• Became obsolete as a legislative body but
  preserved certain functions as witnessing
  religious affairs

18
The Roman RepublicGovernment

• Tribal Assembly
• Ordinary citizens (plebeians)
• Served for life
• Elects 10 Tribunes to speak for their interests
• By using bribes, the ruling oligarchy of
  patricians and wealthy plebeians maintained
  control over the Assembly, and the Senate
  remained a bastion of aristocratic power

19
The Roman RepublicGovernment

• Centuriate Assembly
• Soldiers only
• Chose the consuls
• Oversee civil and criminal courts
• Served for life
• Help to make laws

20
The Roman RepublicThe Roman Army

• Roman Legion
• Military unit of 5,000 infantry (foot soldiers)
• Supported by cavalry (soldiers on horseback)
• Century each legion was broken up into smaller
  groups of 80 soldiers
• Army was powerful
• This was a key factor in Romes rise to greatness
• Each citizen was required to serve in the
  military
• No one could hold public office until they first
  served ten years as a soldier.

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22
The Roman RepublicRoman Power Spreads

• Conquers Italy
• Roman defeat Etruscans in the north Greek
  city-states in the south
• By 265 B.C., Rome controlled the Italian
  peninsula
• Conquered peoples were treated justly this
  allowed Rome to grow
• Latin neighbors were treated as full citizens.
• In territories far from Rome, people were given
  half-citizenship. They enjoyed all the
  privileges of a Roman citizen except the right to
  vote.
• Allies of Rome were required to contribute troops
  to the Roman army and could only be allied with
  Rome. They were free to govern their own
  territory.

23
The Roman RepublicRomes Commercial Network

• Established a large trade network
• Their access to the Mediterranean Sea provided
  many trade routes
• Carthage, a powerful city-state in North Africa,
  rivaled Rome

24
G/H Warm Up

1. The planets are named after _______
2. Who founded the city of Rome?
3. What did the Romans learn from the Etruscans?
4. On what river is the city located? Why?
5. How did the Romans govern conquered people?
6. Describe the different branches of the Roman
   government.
7. What is a Republic?
8. Why was the Delian League established?
9. What was the impact of the Peloponnesian War?
10. Rome was divided into what two classes?

25
CP Warm Up

1. What is a Republic?
2. Name the 3 groups that settled the Italian
   Peninsular? Where did they settle on the
   peninsular?
3. When is a dictator put in charge of the Roman
   government? How long does he maintain control?
4. Which body in Roman government represented the
   plebians?
5. What are the Twelve Tables?

26
The Roman RepublicThe Punic Wars

• Rome vs. Carthage
• 3 Wars that took place between 264-146 B.C.

27
The Roman RepublicThe Punic Wars

• First Punic War
• Cause
• Rome feared Carthages designs on the northern
  Sicilian city of Messana.
• Rome fearing that Carthage would use Messana
  either to attack them or to interfere with their
  trade. Rome decided that the security of its
  allies required intervention in Sicily.
• Lasted 23 years
• Rome defeats Carthage
• Gains Sicily
• Forced the Carthagians to pay tribute
• Rome will later seize Corsica and Sardinia

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Second Punic War (Hannibal
30
The Roman RepublicThe Punic Wars

• Second Punic War
• Hannibal (Carthaginian General) attacked from the
  north by traveling through Spain, France, and
  through the Alps
• Made it down into Italian Peninsula, but was
  unable to take Rome
• Scipio (Roman General) defeated Hannibal in 202
  B.C.

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The Battle of Zama

• Scipio, a great Roman general, attacked Carthage
  and forced Hannibal to run. This ended the
  Second Punic War.
• This battle is one of the few in history that
  could have changed the course of history. If
  Hannibal had won, Carthage, not Rome would have
  become the greatest empire in the world.

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33
In between Punic Wars Rome had to deal with the
Greeks

• Conflict arose partly because pirates and
  ambitious local lords ignored the weakening
  Hellenistic rulers and threatened regional
  stability.
• Roman leaders dispatched armies to protect the
  interests of Roman citizens and merchants.
• these expeditions led to conflict with the
  Anigonids (rulers of Macedonia) and Seleucids (
  rulers of Syria and Anatolia)
• Macedonia
• Philip V of Macedonia who supported Hannibal was
  trying to control all the areas around the Aegean
  Sea and the citizens of Rhodes and Pergamum asked
  for Romes help
• Mesopatamia and Anatolia
• Seleucids, rulers of Syria and Anatolia and who
  supported Hannibal after the Battle of Zama, try
  to capture Egypt
• Egypt is declared protected by Rome
• 215-148 BC Rome fought five major wars, mostly
  in Macedon and Anatolia, against the Antigonid
  and Seleucid opponents
• Rome was the victor and controlled the former
  lands of Alexander the Greats empire through
  alliances or direct control.

34
The Roman RepublicThe Punic Wars

• Third Punic War
• Rome destroyed Carthage
• Salted their fields (to prevent crops from being
  able to grow)
• Enslaved Carthaginian people

35
G/H

• What is a Republic?
• What did the Romans learn form the Etruscans?
• What was the first important win for the
  Plebeians?
• When gaining control of other areas, how did the
  Romans deal with the issue of citizenship?
• What is a significant result of the Punic Wars?
• Why are the Twelve Tables significant?
• Name the river on which the city of Rome was
  founded.
• Which part of the government held the most power
  during the Roman Republic?
• Why did the Greeks create colonies throughout the
  Mediterranean?
• What was a negative long term effect of the
  Persian Wars?

36
C/P

• What is a republic?
• In times of crisis who was placed in charge of
  the republic?
• Name the river on which the city of Rome was
  founded.
• Through what part of government did the
  patricians rule the republic?
• Name the group of early settlers who established
  colonies in southern Italy and Sicily.
• Who was the Macedonian King who conquered Greece?
• What did the Romans learn from the Etruscans?
• Why are the Twelve Tables important?
• Who controlled the Roman senate? (hint they are
  upper class citizens)
• What is a important result of the Punic Wars?

37
Quick Warm Up

1. Roman aristocrats or the upper class
2. Roman commoners or the lower class.
3. Romulus founded Rome on the _________ River
4. They colonized the southern portion of the
   Italian peninsula
5. They settled the northern portion of the Italian
   peninsula
6. Romes first written and public law code.
7. This Carthaginian general was defeated in a war
   with Rome.
8. These wars gave Rome control of the
   Mediterranean.
9. A type of government where the citizens elect
   their representatives (leaders.)
10. This person was elected/chosen during times when
    Rome was under an immediate threat and served for
    six months.
11. These people served for life and were a part of
    the most powerful governing body in the Roman
    Republic.
12. A type of government where citizens vote on
    legislation.
13. They served for one year in the Roman government
    and had veto power.

• Consuls
• Senators
• Dictator
• Patrician
• Plebian
• Latins
• Etruscans
• Greeks
• Hannibal
• Scipio
• Tiber
• 12 Tables
• Punic
• Peloponnesian
• Democracy
• Republic

38
Collapse of the Roman RepublicEconomic Collapse

• Social and Economic Problems
• The rich depended on the labor of slaves. As a
  result of the First Punic War, 75,000 people were
  enslaved.
• Slaves become 1/3rd of the total population
• Slaves work as domestic servants, artisans,
  bookkeepers, scribes, administrators, plantation
  workers, miners, prostitutes
• Gap between rich poor widened as the Roman
  Republic grew
• Farmers, most former soldiers, lose their land to
  large estates become homeless
• The once sturdy and independent Roman farmer, who
  had done all that his country had asked of him,
  was becoming part of a vast urban underclass-
  destitute, embittered, and alienated
• latifundia huge farming estates used strictly
  for the business of cattle raising.
• proletariat new class of urban, landless, poor.
  The people of this class were the poorest Romans.
  Because they had no work, they became a
  dangerous and discontented mob within the city.

39
Collapse of the Roman RepublicClass struggles

• Tiberius
• He was elected as a tribune (tribune elected
  official who speaks on the behalf of the
  plebians.)
• called for the government to limit the size of
  large estates, and distribute the land to the
  poor.
• He is later beaten to death by Roman senators on
  election day
• He was running for reelection.
• 300 of his followers were also executed and their
  bodies were dumped into the Tiber River.

40

• Gaius Gracchus
• Ten years later after his brothers death Gaius
  was elected tribune
• Pushed laws weakening the Senate and had programs
  dealing with unemployment.
• Promised full citizenship to all Italians.
• Aided the poor by reintroducing his brothers
  plan for land distribution
• enabled the poor to buy grain from the state at
  less than half the market price.
• Senate was displeased
• Offers a large reward for his death
• Gaius is eventually killed.
• By killing the Gracchi, the Senate had
  substituted violence for reason and made murder a
  means of coping with troublesome opposition.
• The Roman Republic was on a downward spiral. The
  poor felt disenfranchised, the Senate was
  corrupt, and the Tribal Assembly, the voice of
  the common man, demonstrated a weakness for
  demagogues.

41
Collapse of the Roman RepublicRise of Generals
and Professional Army

• Military became disloyal and less disciplined
• Soldiers were recruited from the poor and showed
  loyalty only to their generals
• These leaders now used the armies for their own
  political advancements. It was now possible for
  rival politicians, each supported by their own
  army to win power by force or arms.

42
Collapse of the Roman RepublicCivil War btwn
Marius and Sulla

• Marius
• saved Rome from Germanic tribes and was reelected
  consul 5 times in a row.
• Professional army- After Marius, soldiers did not
  fight for the republic, but instead for the
  military leader.
• Sulla
• He was Marius rival.
• Was given a coveted position of defending the
  empire against barbarians
• Marius with his influence over the Senate tries
  to take Sullas appointment
• Civil War
• The two fight then Sulla leaves to defend the
  borders. Marius ruled Rome in his absence and
  died before Sullas return.
• Sullas Rule
• Sulla became dictator and restored the Senates
  right to veto acts of the Assembly,
• limited the power of the tribunes and the
  Assembly,
• to prevent any march on Rome, reduced the
  military authority of provincial governors.
• Marius and Sullas pattern of using the army to
  gain political power influenced Roman history
  forever.

43
Collapse of the Roman Republic59 B.C. Julius
Caesar Elected Consul
32e - identify the ideas and impact of important
individuals to include Julius Caesar

• First Triumvirate (group of 3 rulers)
• Caesar, Pompey, Crassus
• Pompey and Crassus won fame from putting down the
  slave revolt of Spartacus
• Ruled for 10 years
• Military victories in Gaul gave Caesar increasing
  power popularity with Romans
• Pompey feared Caesars growing power challenged
  him
• Caesar defeated Pompeys armies in Greece, Asia,
  Spain, Egypt

44
Collapse of the Roman Republic44 B.C. Julius
Caesar Named Dictator for Life
32e - identify the ideas and impact of important
individuals to include Julius Caesar

• Governed as an absolute ruler
• Reforms
• Granted citizenship to many people in the
  provinces
• Expanded senate
• Created jobs for the poor
• Construction of new public buildings
• Started new colonies where people without land
  could own property
• Increased pay for soldiers
• Created the Julian calendar

45
Collapse of the Roman RepublicMarch 15, 44 B.C.
Caesar Assassinated
32e - identify the ideas and impact of important
individuals to include Julius Caesar

• Some nobles senators feared Caesars growing
  power
• Group of senators, led by Marcus Brutus Gaius
  Cassius, stabbed him to death in the senate
  chamber
• March 15 is also known as the Ides of March
• His assassination is the basis for the
  Shakespearean play Julius Caesar

46
The Roman Empire Beginning43 B.C. Caesars
Supporters Take Control

• Second Triumvirate
• Octavian (Caesars grandnephew adopted son),
  Mark Antony, and Lepidus

47
The Roman Empire BeginningAlliance Crumbles

• Octavian forced Lepidus to retire
• Octavian Mark Antony became rivals
• Antony met Cleopatra in Egypt while leading
  troops against Romes enemies in Anatolia
• They fell in love with each other

48
The Roman Empire BeginningAlliance Crumbles

• Octavian accused Antony of trying to rule Rome
  from Egypt civil war erupted
• Antony Cleopatra combined forces to fight
  Octavian

49
The Roman Empire Beginning31 B.C. Battle of
Actium
32e - identify the ideas and impact of important
individuals to include Augustus Caesar

• Naval battle
• Octavian defeated Antony Cleopatra
• Later, Antony Cleopatra committed suicide
• Octavian became unchallenged ruler of Rome
• Octavian accepted title of Augustus exalted
  one
• Became the first emperor of Rome

50
How was the Roman Empire different from the Roman
Republic?

• Roman Republic
• Ruled by Senate
• Roman Empire
• Ruled by Emperor

51
G/H

1. What was the Pax Romana?
2. Why did the republic decline?
3. Who was the first emperor of Rome?
4. Who assumed leadership of the government in times
   of crisis? What was his term?
5. How did Julius Caesar gain power?
6. Which social class had control of the senate?
7. Through what body were the Plebeians represented
   in the Roman Government?
8. What is a republic?
9. What were Caesar's reforms?
10. What position did Caesar hold before his
    assassination? (he was appointed to it)

52
The Roman EmpirePax Romana (Roman Peace)

• Rome enjoyed 200 years of peace and prosperity

53
32f - analyze the contributions of Roman culture
to include government, law, gender, mathematics,
and science

• WARM-UP

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The Roman EmpireEconomy

• Agriculture most important industry
• 90 of Romans farmed
• Had a vast trading network
• Elaborate system of roads linked the empire to
  Persia, Russia, beyond
• Common coinage (denarius) throughout the empire
  made trade easier

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The Roman EmpireGovernment Law
32e - identify the ideas and impact of important
individuals to include Augustus Caesar

• Headed by the emperor
• Augustus glorified Rome with beautiful public
  buildings
• Set up a civil service to carry out day-to-day
  functions

58
The Roman EmpireValues

• Discipline
• Strength
• Loyalty
• Practicality (common sense, or realism)
• Usefulness

59
The Roman EmpireRole of Women

• Expected to stay at home, complete chores, take
  care of children
• Could come and go as they pleased
• Could make business arrangements, own property
  and draw up wills without the consent of their
  husbands
• Could obtain a divorce just as easily as her
  husband, but he kept the kids.
• Wealthy women had slaves, planned dinner parties
• Were educated
• Could not go to secondary school
• Poor women did much of the work because they
  could not afford slaves
• Women were not nearly as respected as men

60
The Roman Empire Math and Science Engineering
and Architecture

• Greek Etruscan influences
• Mostly seen in engineering accomplishments, such
  as
• roads,
• aqueducts,
• bridges, dams, mining projects,
• sanitation,
• public baths, etc.

61
The Roman EmpireSocial Structure

• Large differences in wealth and status separated
  the social classes
• Rich live well
• Most people are poor receive grain from the
  government
• 150 holidays and events in the Colosseum were
  held to control the masses
• Slaves were numerous important
• Entertainment value (gladiators)

62
The Roman EmpireReligion
32g - describe polytheism in the Roman world

• Polytheistic
• Honored powerful gods goddesses, like Jupiter,
  Juno, Minerva, through rituals
• Emperor worship was part of the official religion
  
• Christians Jews did not worship the emperor and
  were therefore persecuted (more to come on this
  later)

63
The Roman EmpireEntertainment

• Rich gave lavish banquets
• Masses attended free games and gladiator contests
  at the Colosseum
• Watched races at the Circus Maximus

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• Marcus Aurelias was the last emperor of the Pax
  Romana.
• His death will signal the beginning of decline
  for the Roman Empire

66
32g describe diffusion of Christianity in the
Roman world

• WARM-UP
• What was the Pax Romana?
• Who was the last emperor of the Pax Romana?
• Who was a part of the first triumvirate?
• What were Caesars reforms?
• What title did he hold before his death?
• How did Caesar gain power?
• The most serious political and social tensions in
  Rome during the last years of the republic and
  the first years of the empire focused on
• The design of the Roman aqueducts made
  significant use of the architectural structure
  of
• How did geography effect the development of
  Greece?
• What is Hellenism?

67
The Rise of ChristianityAround 6-4 B.C. Jesus is
Born

• Jesus
• Jew born in Bethlehem
• Raised in Nazareth
• Baptized by the prophet known as John the Baptist
• Jesus became a carpenter

68
The Rise of Christianity6 A.D. Rome conquers
Judea

• Judea home of the Jews
• Many Jews believe a Messiah, or savior, will
  eventually set them free from Roman rule

69
The Rise of ChristianityAround 26 A.D. Jesus
begins public ministry

• Age 30
• Spent 3 years preaching monotheism the Ten
  Commandments
• Does good works reportedly performed miracles
• Healing the sick, blind, raising people from
  the dead
• Stressed personal relationship with God love
  for friends enemies

70
The Rise of ChristianityThe Movement Grows

• Apostles
• 12 men who became disciples (or pupils) of Jesus
• Jesus ignores wealth status
• His message appealed to the poor

71
The Rise of ChristianityA.D. 29 The Death of
Jesus

• Differing Views
• Many Jews viewed Jesus as the Messiah
• Other Jews viewed him as a heretic

72
The Rise of ChristianityA.D. 29 The Death of
Jesus

• Pontius Pilate
• Accused Jesus of challenging the authority of
  Rome
• Ordered Jesus to be crucified (nailed to a cross
  to die the common method of execution during
  Roman times)

73
The Rise of ChristianityA.D. 29 The Death of
Jesus

• Post-Death
• His body disappeared from the tomb in which it
  was placed
• This convinced Christians that he was Christos,
  or savior
• Apostles believed Christians today believe that
  Jesus rose from the dead 3 days after his death
  (resurrection), walked on earth, spoke to the
  apostles and others, and then ascended into Heaven

74
The Rise of ChristianityThe Apostle Peter

• First apostle
• Jesus referred to him as the rock upon which
  the Christian Church would be built

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The Rise of ChristianityChristianity Grows

• Followers began to spread Christianity
• New religion based on Jesus teachings
• The Pax Romana and the ease of trading help with
  the spread of the new religion.

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The Rise of ChristianityThe Apostle Paul

• Spent his life teaching interpreting
  Christianity
• Common languages of Greek Latin help to spread
  the message
• Paul stressed that Jesus is the Son of God who
  died for peoples sins
• Paul declared Christianity open to all converts

79
The Rise of ChristianityJewish Rebellion

• Jews rebelled against Rome
• Romans stormed Jerusalem and destroyed Temple
• Rebellions in A.D. 66, 70, and 132 failed
• Jews were driven from the homeland
• Diaspora (from Greek word meaning dispersal)
• Centuries of Jewish exile

80
The Rise of ChristianityPersecution of the
Christians

• Christians refused to worship Roman gods
• They became enemies of Roman rule
• Roman rulers used Christians as scapegoats for
  hard times
• As the Pax Romana crumbled, Christians were
  crucified, burned, and killed in the arena

81
The Rise of ChristianityChristianity Expands

• Christianitys Appeal
• Embraces all people
• Gives hope to the powerless
• Appeals to those repelled by extravagances of
  Roman life
• Offers a personal relationship with a loving God
• Promises eternal life after death
• Christianity will become very attractive to
  the poor, slaves, and women

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The Rise of ChristianityA.D. 312 Emperor
Constantine battles for control of Rome

• Has vision of a cross (Christian symbol)
• Places the cross on his soldiers shields
• Wins the battle believes the Christian God
  helped him win
• Ends the persecution of Christians and
• Legalizes Christianity with the Edict of Milan

83
The Rise of ChristianityA.D. 380 Emperor
Theodosius

• Made Christianity the official religion of the
  Roman Empire

84
The Rise of ChristianityThe Early Church

• Priests direct a single church
• Bishops supervise numerous churches
• Apostle Peter first bishop of Rome
• Clergy trace their authority to him
• Pope
• The father, or head, of the Christian Church
• Rome center of church (Vatican City)

85
The Rise of ChristianityA Single Voice

• Church leaders compile the standard Christian
  beliefs in the New Testament
• The New Testament was added to the Hebrew Bible
  (also called the Old Testament)
• A.D. 325
• Constantine calls church leaders to Nicaea in
  Anatolia
• Wrote the Nicene Creed, which defined the basic
  beliefs of the church.

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The Rise of ChristianityFathers of the Church

• Early writers scholars of teachings are called
  Fathers of the Church
• Augustine, bishop in North Africa, is one of the
  most important
• Stressed receiving sacraments to obtain Gods
  grace
• Wrote the famous book, The City of God

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Warm Up

• Where was Jesus from?
• Who legalized Christianity and ended the
  persecution of its followers?
• Christianity has its roots or start in what other
  religion?
• What is the Edict of Milan?
• What is an important result of the Punic Wars?
• Who makes Christianity the official religion of
  Rome?
• Why is Christianity appealing? To whom is it most
  attractive?
• Why were Christians and Jews considered enemies
  of the Roman Empire?
• What power did Roman consuls have over one
  another?
• Before Christianity, the official religion of the
  Romans was similar to whose religion?
• What led to the decline of the Roman Republic?
• What helped the spread of Christianity?
• What document defined the basic beliefs of the
  Christian church?

89
32h - analyze the changes and continuities from
origins to the fall of the Greek and Roman
Classical Civilizations32i - analyze the factors
that led to the collapse of the Western Roman
Empire

• Reasons for the collapse of the Western Roman
  Empire
• M Military
• E Economic
• P Political
• S Social

90
The Fall of the Roman EmpireA.D. 180 Emperor
Marcus Aurelius Dies

• Pax Romana ended with his death
• Subsequent emperors were unable to govern the
  giant empire

91
The Fall of the Roman EmpireThe Economy Weakens

• Three sources of prosperity ended (trade,
  plunder, farms)
• Disruption of trade
• Caused by raids from hostile tribes by pirates
  on the Mediterranean

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The Fall of the Roman EmpireThe Economy Weakens

• Gold silver drain
• Caused by fewer lands to conquer and resources to
  gain
• Rome does not produce anything so their money
  goes to other countries, as a result the empire
  will exploit the countryside.
• Forcing peasants and townspeople to work

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The Fall of the Roman EmpireThe Economy Weakens

• Inflation
• To pay off debts, the government raised taxes
  coined more money with less silver, which led to
  inflation

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The Fall of the Roman EmpireThe Economy Weakens

• Poor harvests
• Decline in the population due to disease and
  people fleeing leaves land uncultivated
• Tax burden
• With a dwindling population there are less people
  to share the economic burden of the empire and
  taxes must be raised.
• Invasions by the Sassanid (Persian Empire) and
  the attempt of Gaul to secede led to
• cities being pillaged
• Farmland destroyed
• Trade disrupted
• In an attempt to supply the military, emperors
• confiscated goods
• Exacted forced labor

95
The Fall of the Roman EmpireMilitary Reasons

• Threat from northern European tribes
• Low funds for defense
• Problems recruiting Roman citizens recruiting of
  non-Romans (mercenaries paid soldiers of
  non-Roman descent)
• Better generals are in the eastern portion of the
  empire
• Decline in the population
• Fewer people were available for military service,
  so emperors hired Germanic tribesmen which
  ultimately made Rome lose its tactical
  superiority over the barbarians

96
The Fall of the Roman EmpireMilitary Reasons

• Decline of patriotism loyalty among soldiers
• Soldiers used their weapons to prey on civilians
  and to make and unmake emperors
• Generals were driven to seize power and bought
  the loyalty of their soldiers
• Neglected to defend the borders and disrupted the
  internal life of the Empire

97
The Fall of the Roman EmpirePolitical Reasons

• Political office seen as a burden, not a reward
• Tax collectors are forced to pay the taxes they
  are unable to collect from the people
• Military interference in politics
• The Praetorian guard could be paid off in order
  for another emperor to rise up and murder the
  sitting ruler

98
The Fall of the Roman EmpirePolitical Reasons

• Civil war and unrest
• Division of empire
• Western emperors can no longer rely on financial
  aid from the wealthier East to pay for the
  defense of the borders
• Slow communications and costly transport
  continued to hamper the empire wide trade
• Provincial regions begin to grow more self
  sufficient
• Moving of capital to Byzantium

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The Fall of the Roman EmpireSocial Reasons

• The demands of the state sapped the initiative
  and civic spirit of its citizens
• Many begin to leave the cities or flee to the
  Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
• Decline in population leads to a higher tax
  burden for remaining residents
• Fewer workers were available for agriculture
• Crushed by the tax/labor demands of the state,
  many peasants simply abandoned their farms and
  sought the protection of large land owners or
  turned to banditry
• People are fed up with rogue soldiers raiding the
  land and corrupt officials

101
The Fall of the Roman EmpireReforms of Diocletian

• A.D. 284
• Diocletian restored order, divided the empire
  into two
• Two Emperors
• One in Greek-speaking East
• One in Latin-speaking West
• Also forced unskilled workers and artisans to
  hold their jobs for life and to pass them on to
  their children.
• Peasants were turned into virtual serfs, bound to
  the land.
• An army of government agents was formed to hunt
  down peasants who fled the land to escape
  crushing taxes and poverty
• A.D. 305
• Diocletian retired
• Rivals competed for power

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The Fall of the Roman EmpireReforms of
Constantine

• A.D. 312
• Constantine became emperor of the Western Empire
• A.D. 324
• Constantine seized the Eastern Empire
• Moved the capital to Byzantium
• Renamed Constantinople (City of Constantine)
• Its location was perfect for linking the trade
  routes of the west with the east.

104
The Fall of the Roman EmpireReforms of
Diocletian Constantine

• Ultimately, their reforms led to the decline of
  the Roman Empire

105
The Fall of the Roman EmpireGermanic Invasions
(Immediate cause of the fall.)

• Nomads from Asia (Huns) invaded the northern
  borders of the empire
• A.D. 410
• Germanic tribes flee Huns, enter Roman lands, and
  sack Rome

106
The Fall of the Roman EmpireMilitary Reasons
Tribal Migrations and Invasions

• Huns were on the move west
• Ostrogoths, a Germanic tribe settle in Ukraine
  forcing the Visogoths to seek refuge in Rome
• They are mistreated after being loyal soldiers
  for the Romans
• They take up arms and devastate the city leaving
  it vulnerable to future attacks
• Later the Vandals, Alans, and other Germanic
  tribes will attack the empire
• These attacks aggravated Romes internal
  pressures and forced them to impose high taxes
  and labor services on its citizens causing
  discontent among the masses

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The Fall of the Roman EmpireGermanic Invasions

• A.D. 444
• Attila the Hun united the Huns and plundered 70
  cities in East
• Attacked Rome in A.D. 452

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Fall of the Roman EmpireAn Empire No More

• Last Roman emperor falls to Germans in 476 A.D.
• End of the Western Empire
• The East thrives for another thousand years
• Called the Byzantine Empire

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Warm Up

1. Describe the long term causes for the collapse of
   the Roman Empire in detail. (MEPS)
2. What were the immediate causes for the fall of
   the empire?
3. What were Diocletian and Constantines reforms?
   What was their effect on the empire?
4. What role did Emperor Constantine play in the
   rise of Christianity?
5. Why were Dictators appointed for six months?
6. What was the outcome of the Punic Wars?
7. What is the most important political and social
   tension towards the end of the Roman Republic?
8. What religion is the foundation or root of
   Christianity?
9. Why did Germanic peoples invade the Roman Empire?
10. What were the teachings of Zoroaster?
11. What is the Torah?
12. What is the relationship between Hinduism and the
    caste system?
13. What was the first form of writing?

112
The Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization

• New Culture
• Romans adopt aspects of Greek Hellenistic
  culture
• Results in Greco-Roman culture, or classical
  civilization

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The Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization

• Art continued the Hellenistic ideals of realism
  in art. They showed individuals how they truly
  appeared
• Roman Fine Arts
• Romans developed bas-relief sculptures to tell
  stories
• Artists created mosaics painted frescoes
• We know this because Pompeii, a Roman town, was
  covered in ash from a volcano eruption in A.D. 79
  
• It preserved the art

114
The Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization

• Learning Literature
• Romans borrowed ideas from Greek philosophy
  literature
• The poet, Virgil, wrote the epic, Aeneid, which
  was modeled after Homers Greek epics
• Roman historian Tacitus excelled in writing
  factually accurate history
• Annals and Histories provided a comprehensive
  look into Roman life

115
Roman Empire Literature

• Sharing in the humanist outlook of the Greeks,
  they valued human achievement and expressed
  themselves in a graceful and eloquent style.
• Virgil wrote the Aeneid, which was a long poem
  recounting the tale of Aeneas and the founding of
  Rome. Also praised Augustus in his work and
  stated that only the Romans knew how to govern
  and empire.
• Livy wrote History of Rome glorifying Roman
  virtues. Failed to utilize important sources of
  information and relied on biased authorities
• Tacitus wrote Histories and Annals. Denounced
  Roman Emperors and the imperial system.
• Juvenal satirist who attacked the evils of Roman
  society

116
The Legacy of RomeLatin Language

• Latin was the official language of the Roman
  Catholic Church until the 1900s
• Developed into French, Spanish, Portuguese,
  Italian, Romanian
• More than ½ the words in English stem from Latin

117
The Legacy of RomeMaster Builders

• Pioneered the use of the arch
• Concrete
• Used the arch concrete in the construction of
  the Colosseum
• Aqueducts
• Structures that brought water into cities towns

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The Legacy of RomeMaster Builders

• Domes
• Roman Baths
• Complex system of roads

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ROMAN VILLA
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The Legacy of RomeRoman System of Law

• Took on the stoic ideals of if everyone was born
  capable of reasoning then all people are equal
  under the law.
• Principles of Roman law form the basis of modern
  legal systems
• All persons had the right to equal treatment
  under the law
• Person was considered innocent until proven
  guilty
• Burden of proof rested with the accuser rather
  than the accused
• Person should be punished only for actions, not
  thoughts
• Any law that seemed unreasonable or grossly
  unfair could be set aside

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The Legacy of RomeRomes Enduring Influence

• By preserving and adding to Greek civilization,
  Rome strengthened the Western cultural tradition
• Rome never fell because it turned into something
  even greater an idea and achieved
  immortality.
• R.H. Barrow, Historian

122
Warm Up

• After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire,
  the eastern half of the empire would be known as
  the ________________.
• What was the most important lasting legacy of the
  Romans?
• For what were each of the following used?