Your Future Self

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Your Future Self

• The Age of Biotechnology

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5. Stem Cell Research
1. Human Genome Project
2. Genetic Testing
6. Animal Cloning
3. Genetic Engineering
4. ARTs
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1. The Human Genome Project

• In 1990 The Human Genome Project was established
  by the U.S. department of Energy and NIH.
• Its GOALS include
• Identifying mapping all of the 30,000 human
  genes
• -Sequencing the 3 billion pairs of
  nucleotides that make up human DNA
• PROGRESS
• In February 2001 two rough drafts of the human
  genome were published
• Today 100s of disease genes have been described
  and mapped to specific chromosomes.

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• Development of high resolution genetic maps for
  each chromosome
• the order and distance between genes and markers
• Sequencing the genomes of other organisms

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• In class demonstration for exploring gene
  databases
• Activity 13 Exploring a gene database on our own

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2. Genetic Testing

• Screen for defects (mutations) in a genes that
  results in disease or genetic disorder
• Prenatal testing
• Pre-implantation testing
• Huntingtons Disease
• Sickle cell (Hemoglobin gene)
• Muscular dystrophy
• Lesch-Nyhan
• Breast Cancer BRAC1

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• Ethical questions about genetic testing
• Activity 25 The Case of Nathaniel Wu
• Activity 26 Watch the movie GATTACA

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3. Genetic Engineering

• Altered genes introducing the normal or
  healthy version of a gene
• Genes from other organisms
• Spider silk protein in goats
• Fish genes in tomatoes
• Premise for genetic engineering?

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1. Evolution of the Genetic Coding System

• The genetic code is universal and found virtually
  unchanged in all organisms

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Transgenic Pharming Products
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Spider Silk from Goats

• Canadian Company in Plattsburgh, NY
• BIO-STEEL milk
• Medical sutures
• bullet proof vests
• space stations
• airplane fuselages

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Introducing new or altered genes into
animalsHow is it done?

• Genes are introduced into animals by two methods
• microinjection
• disarmed viruses

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Gene Therapy in Humans
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Introducing genes into humans using disarmed
viruses
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Introducing mouse growth hormone into mice
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Gene Therapy Sites and Targets
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4. What are the ARTs?

• AI artificial insemination
• GIFT
• IVF invitro fertilization
• Embryo transfer
• Freezing for the future
• Sperm
• Eggs
• Embryos

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A. Artificial Insemination

• A catheter is used to inject sperm directly into
  the cervix (Turkey Baster method)
• Transfer into the uterus is called intrauterine
  insemination (IUI) success rate is 10

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Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

• Gift is a modification of the classic IVF
  technique where, instead of fertilization
  occurring in the laboratory, it occurs within the
  fallopian tube, the normal site of fertilization.
  
• The aim is to place two, or in some instances
  three eggs and a prepared sample of sperm into
  the fallopian tubes, allowing fertilization to
  occur naturally. a laparoscope is used to guide
  egg and sperm into the oviduct

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B. IVF in vitro fertilization

• Woman takes fertility drugs
• Ova are harvested and fertilized outside of the
  body
• Embryos are selected, screened for abnormalities
  (pre-implantation testing)
• Now fairly common, success rate is 20

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C. Embryo Transfer

• Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
• the zygotes are placed in the oviduct
• Surrogate mothering is used in cases where the
  genetic mother is fragile
• can lead to higher fertility for the genetic
  mother without the stress of carrying to term.
• Common for domesticated animals, and endangered
  wild animals in zoological parks.

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A newborn bongo with itssurrogate eland mother
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Stem cells are essentially undifferentiated
cells.
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• Stem cells
• Undifferentiated cells
• Can produce specialized descendants
• Also retain ability to reproduce themselves
• Totipotent stem cells
• Give rise to all cell types
• Embryonic Stem Cells derived from the inner cell
  mass of the blastocyst.
• Pluripotent stem cells
• Adult Stem cells

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• All cells in the
• body come
• from one of 3
• cell lineages
• Endoderm
• Ectoderm
• Mesoderm

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Adult Stem cells are used by the body to repair
and regenerate damaged organs and tissues
throughout life. However, in adults, the
repair and regeneration by stem cells is limited
to only certain cell types.
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Adult Stem Cells

1. Blood Stem Cells Hematopoietic cells are found
   in the bone marrow and give rise to all red and
   white blood cells
2. Mesenchymal Cells give rise to new bone,
   cartilage, and connective tissue
3. Neuronal Stem Cells nervous system tissue
   (mostly produced during embryonic development)

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Pluripotent Blood Stem Cell
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In contrast, embryonic stem (ES) cells are not
limited in there potential to become every cell
type. It is the versatility of these cells that
gives them the potential to have therapeutic
applications.
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Stem Cells

• Embryonic stem cells are the precursors to all
  more specialized stem cells
• They are found in the inner cell mass of the
  pre-implantation embryo and certain cell
  populations of the fetus
• 1998 the first culture of embryonic stem cells
  maintained in the laboratory

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Embryonic Stem Cells

• ESs can become specialized cells when scientists
  use
• growth factors
• hormones
• In the Future
• insulin producing islet cells (pancreas)
• dopamine producing cells
• cardiac tissue for heart patients
• skin tissue for burn victims
• bone tissue for osteoporosis

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Cardiomyocyte differentiated from human embryonic
stem cells.
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Moral and Ethical Issues

• Should the government fund stem cell research?
• Moral status of ESs
• are they like other disposable tissues of the
  human body?
• Source of ESs
• embryos produced by IVF
• The creation of research embryos
• ESs to create cell lines that can overcome
  rejection by patients immune system
• Combine stem cell research with cloning as in
  Dolly the sheep

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Animal CloningSpecies that have been cloned

• Cattle
• Goats
• Pigs
• Cat (CC the Copy Cat)
• Sheep (Dolly)
• Deer (Dewey)

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Animal Cloning

1. Nuclear transfer
2. Embryo splitting

Eduardos Glow Bunny
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Nuclear Transfer

• First done in 1951 with frogs
• The mystery of development and differentiation
  from a single endowment of DNA
• The principle of Nuclear equivalence
• Nuclei of all cells are genetically identical
• But, different cells express different subsets of
  genes
• Somatic cells
• Germ line cells
• Totipotency
• Capability of cells to direct development of
  entire organism
• can pre-programmed chromosomes be used for
  cloning whole organisms?

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Egg manipulation via microinjection.
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• Source of Nucleus is important
• embryonic stem cells unprogrammed cloning
  blindly
• adult cells programmed
• know the characteristics
• shop before you buy

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Nuclear Transfer

• uses unfertilized eggs
• nucleus is removed from the egg
• nucleus from a donor cell is injected

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How Dolly was made
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How Dolly was made
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• The main problems associated with cloning animals
  from adult cells
• cloned lambs with immature lungs
• deformed kidneys
• hearts with thickened walls and
• skeletal abnormalities

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Cloning Pets

• Genetic Savings and Clone
• gene banking and cloning of exceptional pets
• PerPETuate Inc.

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Cloning Endangered Species

• for cloning vs. habitat protection?
• Increasing genetic diversity?
• replenishing an almost dry gene pool
• take nuclei from animals that are not reproducing
• elderly
• infertile
• marginalized, unlucky
• use closely related species as surrogates
• Return cloned, endangered animal back to the
  wild?

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Cloning Endangered Species

• Mixing species to save them?
• Felis sylvestris lybica (African wildcat) X Felis
  sylvestris catus
• African wildcat endangered due to hybridization
  with domestic cats
• Asian wild cow X domestic cow
• Asian cow, the Banteng X domestic cow
• San Diego Frozen Zoo
• Cloning the Wooly Mammoth (extinct 25,000 y)
• Tasmanian Tiger from Australia (extinct since
  1936)
• Asiatic Cheetah (extinct for 50 y)
• Reintroducing extinct species in a world that
  caused their extinction

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2. Embryo Splitting

1. invitro fertilization of egg
2. embryo is grown to 8-16 cell stage
3. cells are separated from one another
4. individuals are grown from each cell

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Tetra the Cloned Monkey

• 1/13/02 Oregon Health Sciences University
• mass identical replication
• Artificial twinning

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Tetra the Cloned Monkey

• Three of the embryos didnt survive
• Tetra was born 157 days later
• Four additional monkeys (mothers) are currently
  impregnated with clones
• 1993 human embryos were cloned and destroyed

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Why do scientists need identical monkeys?

1. Monkeys are better than mice for developing human
   medical therapies
2. Testing nature against nurture
3. Separating Genetics from Environmental influences