Title: Biosphere as a system for guaranteeing of human existence
1Biosphere as a system for guaranteeing of human
existence
Lecturer assistant Nedoshytko Khrystyna
2PLAN
- The structure of biosphere
- Ecosystem as a unit of biosphere
- Human ecology as ecology of Homo sapiens
- Pollution of environment
3- At the first time the term "biosphere" was coined
by austrian geologist Eduard Suess in 1875 he
defined - The biosphere is the aggregate of different
organisms that live on Earth's surface. - In the 1929 the term "Biosphere" was coined by
Russian scientist Vladimir Vernadsky as - The biosphere is the life zone of the Earth and
consists of all living organisms, including human
beings, and all organic matters.
4The structure of biosphere
- Biosphere has 3 phases of substances
- Liquid
- Solid
- Gas
- The parts of hydrosphere, atmosphere and
lithosphere (where the organisms live) belong to
biosphere.
5Atmospheric gas composition (average).
Concentrations of gases shown in color are rising
due to human activities.
Gas Mole fraction
Nitrogen (N2) 0.78
Oxygen (O2) 0.21
Water (H2O) 0.04 to lt 5x10-3 4x10-6 strat
Argon (Ar) 0.0093
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 370x10-6 (date 2000)
Neon (Ne) 18.2x10-6
Ozone (O3) 0.02x10-6 to 10x10-6
Helium (He) 5.2x10-6
Methane (CH4) 1.7x10-6
Krypton (Kr) 1.1x10-6
Hydrogen (H2) 0.55x10-6
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 0.32x10-6
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 0.03x10-6 to 0.3x10-6
Chlorofluorocarbons 3.0x10-9
Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) 0.1x10-9
6Atmosphere structure
- Earth's atmosphere extends more than 560
kilometers (348 miles) above the planet's surface
and is divided into four layers, each of which
has distinct thermal, chemical, and physical
properties. Life can exist only in the lowest
part of atmosphere troposphere.
7Hydrosphere
- Water is essential substance for all living
organisms on Earth and plays a key role in the
evolution and development of life on our planet. -
- The biosphere as we know would not exist without
liquid water (for example, planet of Solar system
Mars). - Water is also important for living organisms to
transport the soluble nutrients (phosphates and
nitrates).
8Hydrosphere structure
- Oceans are divided into zones that offer a wide
range of conditions for life.
9Lithosphere
- Soil is the component of lithosphere. It contains
mineral and organic matters. All living organisms
can use these matters for their nutrition and
development.
10Lithosphere structure
11Anthroposphere
- It is that part of the environment that is made
or modified by humans for use for human
activities and human habitats. It is sometimes
also called technosphere. - Human population causes the destruction of
different parts of biosphere (deforestation,
desertification, pollution etc.).
12Ecology
- Ecology is the scientific study of relationships
in the natural world. - It includes relationships
- -between organisms and their physical
environments (physiological ecology) - -between organisms of the same species
(population ecology) - -between organisms of different species
(community ecology) - -between organisms and the fluxes of matter and
energy through biological systems (ecosystem
ecology).
13- Ecosystem is the complex association of plants,
animals, fungi, and microorganisms that interact
with their nonliving environment in such way to
regulate the flow of energy through them and the
cycling ofnutrients within them. Ecosystem
consists of both living (biotic) and nonliving
(abiotic) components.
14Abiotic factors
They include
- soil,
- water,
- light,
- inorganic matters,
- weather.
15Biotic factors
- They are the factors of the living nature. There
are 2 forms of interaction of biotic factors - Predation
- Symbiosis.
16Predation
- One animal,
- the predator
- kills and eats
- another animal,
- the prey.
17Symbiosis
- It is a biological relationship in which two
dissimilar organisms live together in a close
association. Biologists distinguish three main
types of symbiosis - parasitism,
- commensalisms,
- mutualism.
18Parasitism
- It is a relationship where one species benefits
and the other is harmed.
19Commensalisms
- It is a relationship where one
- species benefits and the
- other is not affected.
Entamoeba coli
Mutualism
It is a relationship where both species benefit
.
Escherichia coli
20Living components
- Producers are autotrophic organisms with the
capability of carrying on photosynthesis and
making food for themselves (green plants on land
and algae in water). A plant fixes about 1 of
the solar energy that falls on its green parts. - Photosynthesis a process where by
chlorophyll-containing organisms trap sunlight
energy to build a sugar from carbon dioxide and
water.
21Living components
- Concumers are heterotrophic organisms that use
preformed food. There are 4 types of consumers - Herbivores (primary consumers) feed directly on
green plants or plant products. - Examples are grasshoppers, mice, rabbits,
- deer, beavers, moose, cows, sheep,
- goats and groundhogs.
- Carnivores (secondary or tertiary, consumers)
feed on only other animals. - Examples are foxes, frogs, snakes,
- lions
22Living components
- Omnivores feed on both plants and animals.
- Examples of omnivores are
- bears, turtles, monkeys,
- squirrels. A human being
- eating both leafy
- green vegetables and beef
- is an omnivore too.
- Decomposers feed
- on detritus.
- There are a bacterial
- and fungal species.
23Every ecosystem is characterized by 2
fundamental phenomena
- -energy flow
- -chemical cycling
24Chemical cycling
- nitrogen cycle
- oxygen cycle
25Energy flow
- It occurs because all the energy content of
organic food is eventually lost to the
environment as heat. - It begins
- when
- producers
- absorb
- solar
- energy.
26Energy and nutrient transfer through ecosystems
27The sequence of organisms through which energy
may move in a community is called a food chain.
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29- Human ecology views human communities and human
populations as part of the ecosystem of Earth. It
is the special ecology of the species Homo
sapiens. - In the world, human ecology was established as a
sociological field in the 1920's, although
geographers were using the term much earlier.
30Nowadays the main development line of
human ecology is directed to the decision
of the problems by the environment, ways of the
rational usage of nature , the optimization of
human life conditions in diverse anthropological
systems.
31- The object of investigation is the system
Environment
Human
32The structure of environment
33The place of human ecology in the system of
ecological sciences
34- Human ecology uses many methods of investigation
- mathematical
- statistical
- biochemical
- physical
- bacteriological
- clinical
- physiological etc.
- Human ecology is connected with many sciences
- immunology
- hygiene of environment
- ecotoxicology
- medical geography etc.
35The main terms of human ecology
- Hygiene standard is the definite range of
values of the environmental factor which is
optimal or is not dangerous for human health,
activity and life - Maximum permissible concentration is maximum
amount of toxic substance in unit of volume or
mass of water, air or soil which does not have
any influence to human health - Maximum permissible level is periodical or
permanent influence of the environmental factor
to human organism which can not cause any
diseases or changes in human health condition - Maximum permissible dose is the amount of toxic
substance which penetrating in human organism
does not hurt it.
36In real conditions humans feel the influence of
different environmental factors.
37The influence of physical factors to human
organism
- solar activity there is the close connection
between death, birth and solar activity.
38- If there are spots on the sun surface, people
have bad mood, their activity is reduced, there
is an accentuation of chronic diseases,
especially diseases of cardiovascular and central
nervous systems.
39- weather it can have different influence to
human organism. It influences to human behavior
and psychological condition. Many peoples suffer
foehnic disease 1-2 days before the beginning
wind weather
40- temperature high temperature can change
- the immunological reactionary
- of human organism, reduces
- the attention and causes
- anemia. Low temperature can
- change the system of
- thermoregulation of human
- organism. It reduces
- metabolism and
- immunological reactions to
- different infections.
41The influence of anthropogenic factors to human
organism
- ozone hole it can pass ultraviolet rays that
effect human cells, cause mutations.
42- greenhouse effect it is the increase of
environmental temperature (global warming) that
has negative influence to human organism.
43- acid rains they can hurt human respiratory
tracts and skin, attack fruits and vegetables.
44- photochemical fogs it is the mixture of
different gases that are wastes from the plants
of chemical industry and transport. It hurts
human respiratory tracts and causes poisoning.
Santiago/Chile/Winter 2003
45- heavy metals lead, mercury, manganese, zinc,
chromium etc. they are poisons that hurt all
organs and central nervous system in human
organism, cause pathological changes in them.
46Effects on humans
- Some of these elements are actually necessary for
humans in minute amounts (cobalt, copper,
chromium, manganese, nickel) while others are
carcinogenic or toxic, affecting central nervous
system (manganese, mercury, lead, arsenic),
kidneys or liver (mercury, lead, cadmium, copper)
or skin, bones, teeth (nickel, cadmium, copper,
chromium).
47Water pollution
- Water is the most spread nonorganic substance in
whole world. It is the basis of all processes in
alive organisms and it is the unique source of
oxygen in the process of photosynthesis. The
biosphere would not exist without liquid water.
48- Hydrosphere is polluted with human help.
Industrial wastes - can include heavy metals and organic chlorides,
such as - pesticides. These materials are not destroyed
under natural - conditions. So they accumulate in the bottom mud
of deltas - of highly polluted rivers and cause environmental
problems.
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50Every year 5 million peoples die in the result of
poisoning by polluted water. Nowadays new
diseases appear that are connected with chemical
water pollution.
- Itay-itay it is the disease caused by water
with high concentration of cadmium - Minomata it is the disease caused by water with
high concentration of mercury - Molybdenum podagra it is the disease caused by
water with high concentration of molybdenum - Fluorosis - it is the disease caused by water
with high concentration of fluor.
51land pollution
- The geosphere and biosphere are intimately
connected through soils, which consist of a
mixture of air, mineral matters, organic matters,
and water. Soils can accumulate almost all toxic
substances.
52The main sources of soil pollution are
- Industry
- Transport
- Agriculture.
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54- In agriculture people use pesticides and
nitrates. These substances are very dangerous and
toxic. They can cause mutations, cancer,
pathological processes in central nervous system,
respiratory and alimentary tracts, skin.
55Teratogen is any agent that can disturb the
development of an embryo or fetus. Teratogens may
cause a birth defect in the child. The classes of
teratogens include -radiation, -maternal
infections, -chemicals, -drugs.
56air pollution
- Air pollution is
- the introduction
- of chemicals,
- particulate matters
- or biological
- materials that
- cause harm or
- discomfort to
- humans or other living organisms, into the
- atmosphere.
57The results of air pollution
- Photochemical smog
- Acid deposition
- Global warming
- Destruction of the ozone shield.
58DEFORESTATION
- Human population
- poses a threat to
- the biosphere by
- habitat destruction,
- especially by the
- destruction of
- tropical rainforests
- (deforestation).
- This process is driving thousands of species to
extinction each year and reducing biological
diversity.
59SOUND POllution
It is excessive, displeasing human,
animal or machine-created environmental
noise that disrupts the activity or
balance of human or animal life.
The source of most outdoor noise worldwide
is mainly construction and transportation
systems, including motor vehicle noise,
aircraft noise and rail noise. Noise
pollution can cause annoyance and aggression,
hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus,
hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other
harmful effects. Furthermore, stress and
hypertension are the leading causes to health
problems, whereas tinnitus can lead to
forgetfulness, severe depression and at times
panic attacks. High noise can contribute to
cardiovascular effects. It can increase or
decrease blood pressure that lead to coronary
artery disease.
60RADIATION POllution
61The Chernobyl disaster
- The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident
that occurred on 26 of April in 1986 at the
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Ukrainian
SSR (now Ukraine). It is considered the worst
nuclear power plant accident in history, and it
is the only one classified as a level 7 event on
the International Nuclear Event Scale.
62- Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) also known as
radiation poisoning, radiation sickness or
radiation toxicity, is a constellation of health
effects which occur within several months of
exposure to high amounts of ionizing radiation. - The onset and type of symptoms that develop
depends on the dose of radiation exposure. - Relatively smaller doses result in
- gastrointestinal effects such as
- nausea and vomiting and symptoms
- related to falling blood counts such
- as infection and bleeding.
- Relatively larger doses can result
- in neurological effects and rapid
- death. Treatment of acute radiation
- syndrome is generally supportive with
- blood transfusions and antibiotics.
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64It Is Not Too Late
65Reduce, Reuse and Recycle
66Love your planet! dont harm it!
67Thank you for attention !