Title: Isfahan University of Technology Department of Chemistry
1Isfahan University of TechnologyDepartment of
Chemistry Continuous Synthesis of Diethyl Ether
from Sub and Supercritical Ethanol in the
Presence of Homogeneous Catalysts By H.
Rastegari Supervisor Prof. H. S.
Ghaziaskar Advisor Prof. M. Yalpani
2- Supercritical Fluid Definition
- Supercritical Fluid Properties
- Supercritical Fluids Classification
- Supercritical Fluid Selection for Chemical
Reactions - Supercritical Ethanol Properties
- Supercritical Ethanol Applications
1
3- Experimental Section
- Instrumentation
- Diethyl Ether Determination
- Diethyl Ether Identification
- Effective Parameters on The Reaction
- Conclusion
- Providence
2
4 Supercritical Fluid Definition
3
5Supercritical Fluid Properties
Liquid Supercritical Fluid Gas
(0.6-2) (0.2-0.5) (0.6-2) 10-3 Density (g.cm-3)
(0.2-2) 10-5 (10-3-10-4) (1-4) 10-1 Diffusion Coefficient (cm2.s-1)
(0.2-3) 10-2 (1-3) 10-4 (1-3) 10-4 Viscosity (g.cm-1.s-1)
4
6- Supercritical Fluids Classification
- Non-associating Fluids
- Associating Fluids
Density (g.cm-3) Critical Pressure (bar) Critical Temperature (o C)
0.466 73.8 31.1 CO2
0.322 220.6 374.0 H2O
0.280 61.4 240.8 EtOH
5
7- Supercritical Fluid Selection for Chemical
Reactions - Critical Temperature and Pressure
- Solvent Strength
- Corrosion
- Toxicity
- Supercritical Ethanol
6
8Supercritical Ethanol Properties Critical
Temperature and Pressure
7
9 Density
8
10 Viscosity
9
11 Diffusion Coefficient
10
12Dielectric Constant
11
13Hydrogen Bonding
12
1413
1514
16- Kamlet-Taft Solvent Parameters
- Polarity / Polarizability (p )
- Hydrogen-Bond Donating Acidity (a)
- Hydrogen-Bond Accepting Basicity (ß)
-
Polarity
15
17Polarity / Polarizability (p )
16
18Hydrogen-Bond Donating Acidity (a)
17
19Hydrogen-Bond Accepting Basicity (ß)
18
20- Supercritical Ethanol Applications
- Biodiesel Production
- Chemical Reaction
- Extraction
- Micro and Nano Particle Formation
- Drying
19
21Experimental Section
20
22 Instrumentation
7- Oven 1- Feed Container
8- Reactor 2- High-Pressure Pump
9- Cooler 3- Three Way Valve
10- High Pressure Valve 4- Preheater
11- Back Pressure Regulator 5- Preheater Cell
12- Collection Vessel 6- Thermocouple
21
23Diethyl Ether Determination Carrier Gas
Nitrogen ( 99.999) Column Type Capillary
(HP-5) Injector Temperature 230 oC
Detector Temperature 250 oC Temperature
Program Column Primary Temperature
40 oC Column Hold Time at 40 oC 2 min
Temperature Increasing Rate 30 oC/min
Final Temperature 250 oC Hold
Time at 250 oC 5 min
22
24Diethyl Ether
Ethanol
23
2524
26Diethyl Ether Identification
25
27Effective Parameters on The Reaction
Temperature Flow Rate Catalyst
Concentration Pressure Catalyst Type
26
28 Temperature and Flow Rate Effect
Catalyst PTSA 2(w/v) Pressure
80 bar Temperature (100-300) oC
Flow Rate (0.1-0.7) mL/min
27
29Ethanol Conversion
28
30Diethyl Ether Selectivity
29
31Diethyl Ether Yield
30
32Yield() Selectivity() Conversion() Flow Rate(mL.min-1) Temperature(oC)
N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.1 100
N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.2
N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.4
N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.7
12.5 32.7 38.2 0.1 150
7.0 22.0 30.0 0.2
5.0 20.3 24.5 0.4
3.3 18.5 18.1 0.7
39.0 76.2 51.3 0.1 200
24.5 60.4 40.7 0.2
20.6 63.6 32.8 0.4
14.7 51.3 28.8 0.7
19.0 31.3 61.0 0.1 250
31.0 65.0 47.0 0.2
18.3 48.0 38.0 0.4
13.0 41.0 32.2 0.7
5.4 7.2 76.5 0.1 300
8.8 13.4 65.4 0.2
11.7 28.1 41.8 0.4
14.6 43.5 33.9 0.7
31
33Catalyst Concentration Effect Temperature
200 oC Flow Rate 0.1 mL/min
Pressure 80 bar PTSA Concentration
2-4 (w/v)
Yield() Selectivity() Conversion() PTSA Concentration (w/v)
42.1 81.3 52.0 2
60.4 94.5 64.1 4
32
34Pressure Effect Temperature 200 oC
Flow Rate 0.1 mL/min PTSA
Concentration 2 (w/v) Pressure
(60-80) bar
Yield() Selectivity() Conversion() Pressure (bar)
38.3 75.0 51.5 60
41.6 80.0 52.0 80
40.8 77.0 53.0 100
33
35Catalyst Type Temperature 200 oC
Flow Rate 0.1 mL/min Pressure
80 bar Catalyst Concentration 2 (w/v)
Yield() Selectivity() Conversion() Catalyst
41.6 80.0 52.0 PTSA
75.0 99.0 77.0 H2SO4
34
36Conclusion
- Synthesis of Diethyl Ether in Sub and
Supercritical Ethanol in The
Presence of Para Toluene Sulfonic Acid and
Sulfuric Acid. - Maximum Yield with Para Toluene Sulfonic Acid
60 - Maximum Yield with Sulfuric Acid 75
35
37- Synthesis of Other Alkyl Ethers
- Diethyl Ether Synthesis in The Presence of
Heterogeneous Catalysts - Diethyl Ether Separation from Ethanol
36
38Thanks for Your Attention
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40Page 5
dG ( u2-u1) dn u (dG/ dn)T,P
41Page 6 the transition-state theory rate constant
or
One could also develop an alternate expression
for the transition-state theory rate constant
that employs fugacity coefficients rather than
activity coefficients. This alternate form of the
rate constant is convenient to use when an
accurate analytical equation of state is
available for the fluid phase.
42Page 8
43Page 25 Swine Manure Bio-oil
T 240-360 oC and P 34.47 MPas and Purge
with N2 30 gr waste 120 gr ethanol
Solid Bio-oil Liquid Bio-oil Liquid
Bio-oil
Filter
Distillation
at 60 oC
44Page 25 Depolymerization of PET
T 543 573 K and P 0.1 15 MPas These
products were produced by the methanolysis
ethanolysis or hydrolysis of the ester bond
between TPA and EG.
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