Packaging

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Packaging

• Types of radioactive material packaging
• Industrial packaging
• Type A
• Type B

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Normal and Special Forms
Normal Form Special Form
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Pig tail
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Soil Moisture Density Gage
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Placards, Labels

• White 1
• Yellow II
• Yellow III
• Transport Index T.I.

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Radioactive White ISurface Reading .5 mr/hr
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White I
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Transport Index

• Measured at one meter from the surface of a
  package (this is a unit-less number)

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Radioactive Yellow IISurface 50mr/hr At 1 meter
1mr/hr
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Radioactive Yellow IIISurface 200mr/hrAt 1
meter 10mr/hrExclusive use 1000mr/hr surface
200mr/hr vehicle surface 10mr/hr two meters
away
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Radioactive Placard

• Vehicles carrying packages bearing Rad III labels
  are required to post the placard shown below on
  the outside of the vehicle.

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Information Sources

• Package markings present the items shipping name
  and U.N. identification number.
• Emergency Response Guide.

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Information Sources

• Shipping papers provide
• The same information as the package label and
  markings
• Physical and chemical form
• Hazard class
• Identification number

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Common Sources

• RadiopharmaceuticalsUsed for therapeutic or
  diagnostic use in humansMost are shipped in
  single dosesGenerally considered a contamination
  hazard as opposed to a exposure risk

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Common Sources, continued Examples of
radiopharmaceuticals
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Common Sources, continued

• Industrial GaugesSoil moisture/density
  gauges-used to determine suitability of roadbeds.
  Small sources.Radiography cameras-used to
  identify flaws in welds, castings, pipe, etc.
  Large, dangerous sources

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Common Sources, continuedExamples of industrial
gauges
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Common Sources, continued

• Waste Shipments from hospitals, universities,
  laboratories, research facilities, and nuclear
  power plants. Generally shipped as Radioactive
  LSA (Low Specific Activity).

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Common Sources, continued

• Nuclear power plant waste shipment

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Forms of RAM

• Normal Form

• Special Form

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Packaging

• Generally there are three types of
  packagesStrong, tight packages-Low
  concentrations of RAM uniformly distributed.

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Packaging, continued

• Type A packages- Most common package used. This
  package, with its radioactive contents, meets
  general DOT requirements and will retain its
  shielding and integrity during normal
  transportation.

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Packaging, continued
Type A containers
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Packaging, continued

• Type B Packaging-Very strong packages used to
  ship amounts of RAM that could be hazardous to
  people and the environment. Must meet stringent
  tests for fire, physical damage and water
  immersion.

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Packaging, continued
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Package Labels
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Package Labels, continued
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Package Markings
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Vehicle Placards

• Highway Route Controlled Quantity

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Shipping Documents

• Shipping Papers-Required for all HM in
  transportation must accompany the HM. Provides a
  description of the material. Must include a
  shippers declaration that the package has been
  properly prepared. Called Bill of Lading,
  Shippers Certificate, or Declaration of
  Dangerous Goods

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Shipping Papers, continued

• Emergency Response Information-Required for all
  HM. Must accompany shipping papers. Provides
  first responders with information on how to
  handle an accident involving the package. Must be
  immediately accessible and must include an
  emergency response phone number.

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Objectives

• Determine if material is Hazardous Material
  (HAZMAT).
• Understand HAZMAT employee training requirements.
• Identify different regulatory agencies.
• Understand the relationship between regulatory
  agencies.

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History

• Approximately 50 years of safely shipping RAM.
• 5 million packages annually.
• No deaths or serious illness.
• 1st regulations by US Postal Services to protect
  film.

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What Is HazardousMaterial?
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ExplosivesFlammable
Most explosives, flammable liquids and flammable
gasses are classified as hazardous material
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HAZMAT Also Includes

• Poisons.
• Oxidizers.
• Acids.
• Infectious waste.

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And The ReasonYou Are Here

• Radioactive Material (RAM) is also HAZMAT.

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What Does the 7 Mean?

• HAZMAT is divided into nine hazard classes (some
  contain sub classes like 5.1).
• Radioactive material is number 7, referred to as
  class 7 (radioactive).

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Why Does RAM HAZMAT?

• Radioactive material is listed as hazmat in 49
  CFR 172.101.
• 49 CFR 173.403 states, radioactive material is
  any material having a specific activity greater
  than 70 Bq/g (0.002 ?Ci/g).

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Required HAZMAT Training(49CFR172.704)

• Who needs it?
• Any employee who
• Operates vehicle transporting HM.
• Loads, unloads or handles HM.
• Tests, repairs, marks HM packages.
• Represents package as qualified for HM.
• Responsible for safety during transport of HM.

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Training Content

• General awareness.
• Function specific (blocking/bracing).
• Safety training (not required for all personnel
  just HAZMAT handlers).

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Periodicity

• Initially within 90 days after employment or
  change of job.
• At least once every 3 years.
• No minimum length.
• It is the employers responsibility to ensure
  training is adequate.

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Training Records

• Maintain current training, inclusive of previous
  3 years, While employed and 90 days after
  employment
• MUST include
• Name of trainee.
• Most recent completion date.
• Description of training.

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Training Records (Cont.)

• MUST include
• Name address of trainer.
• Certification that employee was trained tested
  (oral, written or observation).

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NRC Requirements

• 10 CFR
• 19.12 instruction to workers.
• 71.5 requires compliance with 49 CFR 170 through
  189.

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NRC Requirements

• NOTE Training records retention is usually the
  duration of employment and three years after
  leaving.

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Who Makes the Rules?

• Department of transportation (DOT) 49 CFR.
• Nuclear regulatory comm. (NRC) 10 CFR.
• U.S. Post office (USPS) 39 CFR.
• International atomic energy agency (IAEA).

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Who Makes the Rules?

• International Air Transport Association (IATA)
• International Maritime Consult. Org. (IMCO)
• Individual states.
• Bridge and toll road authorities.

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Resp. Of Agencies

• Department of Trans., 49 CFR

• Regulates type A, LSA and industrial packaging.
• Regulates ALL modes of transportation in
  interstate commerce (except USPS).
• Issues cert. Of competent authority for
  international shipments.

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Resp. of Agencies (Cont.)

• Nuclear Regulatory Comm.
• 10 CFR

• Regulates packaging type B quantities and fissile
  material (standards procedures).
• Investigates trans. Accidents and incidents
  involving RAM.

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Resp. of Agencies (Cont.)

• Nuclear Regulatory Comm.
• 10 CFR

• Issues Certificates of Compliance for type B
  packaging.
• Regulates licensee compliance with DOT
  regulations.

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Resp. Of Agencies (Cont.)

• United States Postal Serv., 39 CFR

• Has authority over postal shipments.
• Any DOT labeled packages (white-I, yellow II and
  III) are NOT mailable.
• Content must be not more than one-tenth of DOT
  limits listed in 49 CFR 173.425 table 7.

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Resp. Of Agencies (Cont.)

• International Atomic Energy Agency

• A UN agency that develops recommendations for
  safe transportation of RAM.
• Issues IAEA safety series (1996 safety series no.
  6 is most recent).
• U.S. Is not in complete conformance (DOT Regs
  1985 safety series no. 6).

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Resp. Of Agencies (Cont.)

• International Civil Aviation Org.

• A UN agency that provides tech. Instruction for
  safe transportation of hazmat by air (includes
  RAM).

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Resp. Of Agencies (Cont.)

• International Air Transport Assoc.

• A body of member air carriers who publish Regs
  for safe trans. of HAZMAT by air.
• Compliance is mandatory for member carriers.

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Resp. Of Agencies (Cont.)

• International Maritime Consultative
• Organization

• A body of member carriers who publish Regs for
  safe transportation of HAZMAT by vessel.
• Compliance is mandatory for member carriers.

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The DOT and NRC

• DOT is responsible for HM shipments.
• NRC says DOT rules apply even if shipment is not
  in commerce.
• NRC has written shipping Regs to comply with DOT
  Regs for type B shipments.

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The DOT and ICAO

• HM may be transported per international civil
  aviation organization technical instructions
  (ICAO TI) before or after transport by aircraft
  if packaged, marked, classified, described and
  certified on shipping papers as required by ICAO
  TI.

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DOT and International Agencies

• Follow IAEA safety series no. 6. DOT basically
  adapts IAEA regulations but is only in full
  compliance with 1985 edition.

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DOT and State / Local Auth.

• States may make their own rules
• provided

• It is possible to comply with both the state
  rules and DOT rules.
• The rules are not an obstacle to accomplishment
  and execution of the regulations.

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DOT and Tunnels

• DOT has no regulations specific to tunnels.
• States are responsible for tunnel regulations.
• Some states limit access to tunnels when carrying
  RAM.
• Restrictions usually pertain to activity, TI,
  size and weight.

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Summary

• Shipping has proven to be relatively safe.
• A single shipment may fall under several
  different agencies regulations.
• Radioactive material is HM per 49 CFR.
• HM employees require specific training.

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Summary

• HM training must be tested, documented and
  certified.
• NRC can will inspect shipping of radioactive
  material.

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Transportation of Radioactive Material
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Objectives

• Identify the seven steps for shipping radioactive
  material
• Classification.
• Packaging.
• Marking.
• Labeling.
• Shipping papers.
• Placarding.
• Carriage.

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Objectives

• Understand the procedure for completing steps one
  and two of the seven steps.

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Step One - Classification

• Is the material regulated? (173.403).
• Specific activity gt0.002 ?Ci/g.
• All RAM is listed on table 173.435.
• Is the shipment outside of a restricted access
  installation?
• If YES then 49 CFR applies.

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Containment

• Containment type
• Is the item special form or normal form?
• Look at 173.403.

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Special Form (173.403)

• Class 7 material which
• Is a single solid piece or contained in a sealed
  capsule, must be destroyed to open.
• Is at least one dimension not less than 5
  millimeters (0.2 inches).
• Meets test requirements of 173.469.

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Test Requirements (173.469)

• Pass a impact, percussion and bend test.
• Withstand a heat test (1475? F) for ten minutes.
• Must not leak when subjected to a leach test.

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Normal Form

• Any class 7 material not classified as special
  form is normal form!

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Quantity (Type A)

• Type A packaging is the weaker packaging (cheaper
  too).
• To be able to use type A packaging for special
  form, the quantity may not exceed the A1 value.
• To be able to use type A packaging for normal
  form, the quantity may not exceed the A2value.

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Quantity (Type B)

• Type B packaging is the stronger packaging (more
  expensive).
• Type B packaging is required if the special form
  quantity exceeds the A1 value.
• Type B packaging is required if the normal form
  quantity exceeds the A2 value.

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Example 1

• A plastic check source 1079 Ci of cadmium-109
  (CD-109).
• Is it special form?
• No, will not pass heat test.

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Example 1 (Cont)

• A plastic check source 1079 Ci of cadmium-109
  (CD-109).
• Does it exceed A2 value? (173.435)
• Yes

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Example 1 (Cont)

• A plastic check source 1079 Ci of cadmium-109
  (CD-109).
• The material is normal form and exceeds the A2
  quantity therefore it requires type B packaging.

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Multiple Sources (Sum of Fractions (173.433(d)))

• Now suppose we have two or more sources
  (different isotopes) in the same package?
• What do we do????
• Take the early retirement option?
• Or

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Multiple Sources (Sum of Fractions (173.433(d)))

• For each source take the activity divided by the
  A1 (or A2)value of that source.
• Then add your answers.
• If the SUM exceeds 1 (one) you must use type B
  packaging.

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Example 2

• Normal form commodity sources.
• Look up the A2 value in 49 CFR 173.435.

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Example 2

• Enter the A2 value and divide the activity by the
  A2 value.

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Example 2

• Enter the A2 value and divide the activity by the
  A2 value.

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Example 2

• Enter the A2 value and divide the activity by the
  A2 value.

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Example 2

• Enter the A2 value and divide the activity by the
  A2 value.

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Example 2

• Using the sum of fractions method as shown in 49
  CFR 173.433 we see the combined limit exceeds
  1.
• Therefore a type B package is required.

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Highway Controlled Route (HRC)

• The amount of radioactive material is great
  enough that you are required to obtain a route
  from the appropriate state DOT.
• How much is that?

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HRC Limits

• 3000 times A1 or A2
• Or
• 1000 TBq (27,000 Ci)
• Whichever is smaller.

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HRC Quantity

• Always requires a radioactive yellow III.
• Always an exclusive use shipment.

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HRC Quantity Example

• A type B package with 105 Ci of iridium-192, is
  this an HRC quantity?
• 1st - what is the A1 value from 49 CFR 173.435
  (pg. 578).
• A1 27

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HRC Quantity Example

• 2nd - multiply 27 Ci X 3000 81000 Ci
• Does 105 Ci exceed 81,000 OR 27,000?
• No
• Then this package IS NOT an HRC quantity.

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Limited Quantities

• Exception for limited quantities of RAM
  (173.421).
• Does not have to follow all the packaging,
  labeling, etc.
• Can not be a hazardous substance or hazardous
  waste.
• Determined by the activity not the physical size
  (not more than allowed by 173.425).

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Limited Quantities (Example)

• An IM-231A, RSO-5 RADIAC box contains 8 ?Ci of
  Cs-137 in normal form.
• Table 7 says you must not exceed 10-3 A2 value to
  be limited quantity.
• The A2 value is 13.5 Ci.
• Then 13.5 Ci X 10-3 0.0135 Ci.
• Our source in the units of ?Ci
• 8 ?Ci 0.000008 Ci.

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Instruments and Articles

• Manufactured item containing a radioactive source
  as a component part. (Could include RADIACs,
  XRFs, etc).
• Rad level at 4 inch. lt 10 mR/hr for each article.
• lt Table VII limits, 49 CFR 173.425.

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Instruments or Articles (Example)

• An IM-125D, (AN/PDR-43) RADIAC contains 80 ?Ci of
  Kr-85 in normal form.
• Table 7 says you must not exceed 10-2 A2 value to
  be limited quantity.
• The A2 value is 270 Ci.
• Then 270 Ci x 10-2 2.70 Ci.
• Our source in the units of ?Ci
• 80 ?Ci 0.00008 Ci.

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Low Specific Activity (LSA)

• LSA-I
• Solid material only.
• Naturally occurring LSA materials.
• Unirradiated or depleted uranium.
• Non fissile material with unlimited A2 values.
• Mill tailings, etc. Uniformly distributed with
  avg. spec. activity lt 10-6 A2/g.

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LSA (Cont.)

• LSA-II
• Includes liquids, solids may be up to 100 times
  the activity of LSA-I.
• Water with tritium concentrations up to 0.8 TBq/l
  (20 Ci/l).
• Material that is uniformly distributed with avg.
  spec. activity lt 10-4 A2/g for solids and gases,
  and 10-5 A2/g for liquids.

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LSA (Cont.)

• LSA-III
• Liquid must be solidified and solids may be up to
  10 times the activity of LSA-II.
• RAM distributed uniformly in a solid or
  collection of solids And
• Is relatively insoluble so that if submerged for
  seven days it would not leach in excess of 0.1
  A2 And

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LSA (Cont.)

• LSA-III (cont.)
• Average spec. activity lt 2 x 10-3 A2/g.
• REQUIRES TESTING FOR PROOF OF LEACHING.

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Surface Contaminated Object

• An item that is not radioactive but has RAM
  contamination on any of its surfaces.
• Divided into two groups
• SCO-I
• SCO-II

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SCO-I

• Limits may not exceed (averaged over 300 cm2 of
  accessible area)
• Non fixed contamination limits
• 4 Bq/cm2 (10-4 ?Ci/cm2) beta and gamma and low
  toxicity alpha emitters.
• 0.4 Bq/cm2 (10-5 ?Ci/cm2) alpha emitters.

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SCO-I (Cont.)

• Fixed contamination limits
• 4 x 104 Bq/cm2 (1.0 ?Ci/cm2) beta and gamma and
  low toxicity alpha emitters.
• 4 x 103 Bq/cm2 (0.1 ?Ci/cm2) alpha emitters.

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SCO-I (Cont.)

• Non-fixed plus the fixed contamination limits on
  inaccessible surfaces
• 4 x 104 Bq/cm2 (1.0 ?Ci/cm2) beta and gamma and
  low toxicity alpha emitters.
• 4 x 103 Bq/cm2 (0.1 ?Ci/cm2) alpha emitters.

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SCO-II

• Limits are greater than SCO-I but may not exceed
  (averaged over 300 cm2 of accessible area)
• Non fixed contamination limits
• 400 Bq/cm2 (10-2 ?Ci/cm2) beta and gamma and low
  toxicity alpha emitters.
• 40 Bq/cm2 (10-3 ?Ci/cm2) alpha emitters.

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SCO-II (Cont.)

• Fixed contamination limits
• 4 x 104 Bq/cm2 (1.0 ?Ci/cm2) beta and gamma and
  low toxicity alpha emitters.
• 4 x 103 Bq/cm2 (0.1 ?Ci/cm2) alpha emitters.

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SCO-II (Cont.)

• Non-fixed plus the fixed contamination limits on
  inaccessible surfaces
• 8 x 105 Bq/cm2 (20 ?Ci/cm2) beta and gamma and
  low toxicity alpha emitters.
• 8 x 104 Bq/cm2 (2 ?Ci/cm2) alpha emitters.

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Step Two - Packaging

• Package or packaging
• Packaging - ALL packaging without RAM.
• Package - packaging plus RAM.

Package
Packaging Radioactive
Material
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Packaging Specifications

• Type A or type B package
• Type A packaging is designed to maintain
  integrity during normal transport.
• Type B packaging is designed to maintain
  integrity during normal transport and
  hypothetical accidents.

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The Transport Activity Spectrum
Limited QuantitiesAccepted Articles
Highway Route Controlled Quantity
Type B Quantities
Type A Quantities
Not Regulated in Transport
Type A Packaging
Excepted Packaging
Type B Packaging
3,000 A1or3,000 A2or27,000 Ci(Whicheveris
Least)
0.002 ?Ci/g
A1 or A2
10-3 A1 Solids 10-3 A2 Solids 10-4 A2 Solids
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General Requirements

• Easily handled
• 22-50 kilograms require means for manual
  handling.
• Greater than 50 kilograms needs mechanical means.
• Easily decontaminated, no protrusions, pockets,
  etc.

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General Req. (Cont.)

• Good strength, compatible material.
• Means to prevent escape of RAM through valves,
  etc.
• For air travel the following restrictions apply
• Not more than 122 deg. F external temp at 100
  deg. F ambient.
• Maintains integrity from -40 - 131 deg. F.
• Pressure tested to at least 13.8 lb./in2.

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Type A Specific Requirements

• Listed in 49 CFR 173.410, includes
• Minimum dimension 10 cm (4 in).
• Need for tamper seals.
• Contain absorbents or leak proof for liquids.

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Type A Test Requirements

• Water spray test.
• Similar to 2 inches per hour for one hour.
• Free drop test On an ungiving surface.
• Height dependant on weight.
• Boxes and drums require additional test on
  corners/seams.

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Type A Test Req. (Cont.)

• Compression test.
• 5x weight of actual package or 265 lb./in2 on two
  opposite sides. One side may be the bottom.
• Penetration test.
• Drop a 1-1/4 inch, 13.2 lb., bar 1 meter.

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Radiation Level Limits

• Normal shipments
• 200 mrem/hr on surface.
• 10 mrem/hr at 1 meter (max TI10)
• Exclusive use
• gt 200 mrem/hr on surface.
• lt1000 mrem/hr on surface with restrictions.
• No air transport.

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Contamination Limits

• lt 2.2 dpm/cm2 alpha.
• lt 22 dpm/cm2 beta-gamma.
• Swipe area is to be representative of a 300 cm2.
  This may be 3, 100 cm2 areas. 100 cm2 is roughly
  4 inch by 4 inch.

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Summary

• Seven steps for shipping RAM
• Step one - classification
• Containment
• Quantity
• A1 and A2 quantity
• Type B quantity

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Summary (Cont.)

• Step one - classification (cont)
• Highway controlled route
• Limited quantity
• Instruments and articles
• Low specific activity
• Surface contaminated object

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Summary (Cont.)

• Step two - packaging
• Package design
• Test requirements
• Radiation levels
• Contamination limits

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AnyQuestions?