Higher Education in China

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Higher Education in China

• past and present

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GaoKao

• National College Entrance Examination
• abolished during the Cultural Revolution
• Deng Xiaopings decision in 1977
• without grasping science and education, the Four
  Modernizations would have no hope
• restored College Entrance Examination
• like an atomic bomb, especially among the
  sent-down youths

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Prepare for GaoKao
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GaoKao subjects

• Everyone has to take exams in Chinese,
  mathematics, and English
• Arts students also have to take exams in
  politics, history, and geography
• Sciences students also have to take physics,
  chemistry, and biology

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3 days of GaoKao

• everyone has to give way

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3 days of GaoKao

• nothing stops it
• not even SARS

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the lucky ones
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so why do they join the Party ...
indeed two separate questions

• What incentive do they have in joining the Party?
• What incentive does the Party have in recruiting
  them?

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First their incentives ...
and so many others
CCP Members in Chinese Universities
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A survey of university students

• Sample 2,063 students at 18 Shanghai
  universities in 1988
• Question Some of your friends have joined the
  Party, others are striving to do so. What is
  your observation and understanding of this?
• They believe in Communism and want to make a
  contribution
• 4
• They think the Party is good and are joining in
  order to be further educated
• 10
• In reality they want a Party card which they
  can use as capital to receive future benefits
• 59

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and see what some 5th graders say ...

• We all want to join the Party. This is because
  you can get promotions when you are a Party
  member. You can have power when you are
  promoted. And with power you can become rich.
  None of the Party members in our village is now
  poor.

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What are their real incentives ...

• Materialistic gains rather than ideological
  doctrines
• A professor of political science in Hong Kong
  the young generation now joined the Party like
  young professionals join the Lions Club or Rotary
  Club to establish business ties.

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student Party members

• advantage in job market, especially for positions
  in government agencies or state-owned enterprises

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future political career

• Party membership plus college education are
  necessary conditions for political advancement

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but there are different voices ...

• A student in Beijing I cannot be bothered,
  there are more ways to succeed now. One can go
  abroad, or work for a private enterprise, or
  foreign companies.
• A folk rhyme in Hubei Province Each tills their
  field, and each makes their money who cares
  whether youre a Party member or not?

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Study Abroad

• From 1978 through 2004
• 814,884 have gone to study abroad
• 114,663 in the year 2004
• The number has been decreasing since September
  11, 2001
• 197,884 have returned
• 25,116 in the year 2004
• The annual number has been increasing fast

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Second the Partys incentives ...

• In the 1950s and 1960s, the Partys recruitment
  strategies emphasized class origin.

Peasants and workers were especially welcome, but
intellectuals were not.
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Its all changed since the late 1970s ...

• since Deng Xiaoping started the reforms in the
  late 1970s, the Chinese Communist Party has
  staked its legitimacy on economic performance
  more than anything else.

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To get rich is glorious!

• To achieve the ambitious economic development
  goals, the Party desperately needs youth and
  talent.

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The Three Represents theory
Jiang Zemin Our Party has always represented
the development requirements of Chinas advanced
social productive forces
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Party recruitment of talents

• The secretary of a local Party committee The
  Party is the leader of our countrys economic
  construction, and first of all we need excellent
  people from all professions.
• In 1990, 0.8 of all undergraduate students were
  CCP members in 2000, Party members constitute
  3.8 of all under-graduate students.

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Party recruitment of adult population
Years of School Education
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Party itself has also changed ...