History of Peace Keeping Operations

1
History of Peace Keeping Operations
2
Conceptualizing Peace Operations

• Peace Enforcement
• Peacekeeping
• Peacebuilding

3
History of Peacekeeping

• Nascent Period 1946 1956
• Assertive Period 1956 1967
• Dormant Period 1967 1973
• Resurgent Period 1973 1978
• Maintenance Period 1978 1985
• Expansion Period 1988 - Present
• Why Peacekeeping Fails, Jett 1999

4
UN Turning Point1956 1967New Principles

• Established with the consent of the parties
• Allowed to use force only in self-defense
• Troops furnished by neutral countries
• Impartial
• Control of the Secretary General

5
The Dormant Period1969 - 1973

• 7 years with no new PKO mission
• Organization of African Unity
• Super powers focus was on other areas
• Veto power prevented any real progress

6
The Resurgent Period1973 - 1978

• Renewed conflict in Middle East
• Three large scale PKOs
• UNEF II Sinai
• UNDOF Golan Heights
• UNIFIL Lebanon
• All three were classic PKO

7
The Expansion Period1988 - 1993

• Cold War ends
• New level of cooperation began
• Bring about the end of Iran Iraq war
• Iraqs invasion of Kuwait

8
The Contraction Period1993 - ?
9
Post Conflict Reconstruction in Iraq

• Develop democratic political structure
• Create a new security infrastructure
• Revive and reform a shattered economy
• Bring to just former leaders

10
What makes some states more warlike than other?

• Type of government
• Type of economic system (factors)
• Demographic, culture, physical or geographic
• Degree of political instability
• Previous war involvement

11
Types of States
Good
Bad
Democratic
Authoritarian
12
UN Peacekeeping - Historical Perspective

• First peacekeeping mission authorized by the
  Security Council in June 1948.
• Of the (54) operations set-up since 1948 - - two
  thirds (36) have been established since 1991.
• Since 1948 (29) operations have completed their
  mandates
• Between 1948 and 1988 - - (15) total missions.
• In the beginning of 1991- (8) missions - - by mid
  1994 increased to (18) missions (Balkans and
  Africa).

13
UN Peacekeeping - Historical Perspective(contd)

• In the beginning of 1991- (8) missions - - by mid
  1994 increased to (18) missions (Balkans and
  Africa).
• Since 1991 there have been (36) missions.
• As of 1 Aug 2002 - - (15) UN peacekeeping
  missions with troop strength over 44,711
  (military and civilian police) from 88
  contributing countries.
• As of 6 August 2002 - - (1,783 fatalities total)
  - - from 1992 to 2000 (917), from 1948 to 1991
  (866).

14
As of 1 April 2002


15
Evolution of UN Peacekeeping

• First Generation - Traditional Peacekeeping
  (1948-1990)
• Second Generation - Expanded Peacekeeping that
  included peace enforcement operations (1990-1995)
• Third Generation - Expanded peacekeeping within
  the limits of the UNs ability. More complex,
  smaller in size and focused on peace building.

16
Third Generation Peacekeeping

• More complex - beyond the scope of traditional
  peacekeeping - i.e. election monitoring,
  humanitarian protection, restoration of civil
  authority, human rights
• Focused on long term peace and security - no
  quick answers - the process takes time
• Careful balance between force protection and
  impartiality
• Greater involvement with Regional Organizations
  (RO) Regional Organizations may perform the peace
  enforcement role (e.g. ECOWAS, SADC, OSCE)

17
Why
the Change?

• Inter State vs. Intra State
• Rise of Intra State Conflicts one of the key
  evolutions of the Post Cold War World
• Inter State conflicts usually involved national
  interests such as
• Territory
• Resources
• Power
• Intra State conflicts more often involve
  sub-national interests
• Ethnicity
• Religion
• Culture
• Language
• Inter State conflicts have a more clearly defined
  end game
• Intra State conflicts often result from deep
  wounds

18

• SETBACKS
• Somalia
• Bosnia-Herzegovina (Srebrenica)
• Rwanda
• THE FUNDAMENTAL TRUTHS
• Peacekeeping works when there is an agreed upon
  peace settlement and the political will to
  respect and enforce those agreements.
• The UN can not conduct peace enforcement
  operations.

19
UN Peace Operations - Lessons Learned

• Prerequisites for Successful UN Peacekeeping
• Genuine desire on part of warring factions to
  solve their differences peacefully
• Political accord and consent of the factions to
  UN presence
• UN security council - clear political objectives
  and mission statements
• Strong political support by the international
  community
• Robust force - capable of mission accomplishment
  and force protection
• Robust rules of engagement
• Force credibility

20
Challenges

• Apparent Inability to Respond Rapidly
• Initiatives that have improved response time
• Military Planning Service - Contingency Planning
• Standby Arrangements Initiative (87
  nations),(SHIRBRIG, BALTBAT, CENTRABAT, ACRI,
  Partnership for Peace, Regional Exercises,
  Regional Training Centers)
• Rapidly Deployable Mission Headquarters
• Asset Reutilization (UN Logistics Base, Brindisi,
  Italy)
• Contingency Contracting
• The political nature of the UN system creates
  delays

21
Challenges Contd

• Ambiguous, evolving Security Council mandates
• Inexact mission/force fit
• Separate political, military and administrative
  authorities
• Interference by national capitals
• Temporary nature of organizational structures
• Challenges to multi-national contingents
• Lack of equipment standardization and
  interoperability
• Varied languages, cultural attitudes and support
  needs
• Minimal common advance planning and training
• High importance of non-military functions in
  missions

22
UNs Ability to Conduct Peacekeeping Has
Improved Dramatically

• DPKO adequately staff and organized
• Peacekeeping contingency planning capability
  achieved
• Peacekeeping Standby Arrangements Initiative now
  has 89 nations
• UN Situation Center established
• Peacekeeping Lessons Learned Unit established
• Peacekeeping Training, Demining Civilian Police
  Units established
• UN Information Security Program established
• DPKO achieved self-sustaining logistics
  capability
• Peacekeeping Field Asset Control System
  established

23
AFGHANISTAN5000
15 U.N. Peacekeeping 4 International Operations
As of September 02

INDIA-PAKISTAN
PREVLAKA
(7 US)
WESTERN SAHARA
LEBANON


(3 US)
GOLAN HEIGHTS
SIERRA LEONE
MIDDLE EAST
DEM REPUBLIUC OF CONGO
CYPRUS
Balkans (NATO) Bosnia - 18,000 Kosovo
- 50,000 (US) Bosnia - 1800 Kosovo
- 6000
Blue Helmets Total UN 44,378 US
692
includes police / troops / observers
660 / 1 / 31
Total Peacekeepers World-wide 119,000
24

• Indispensable in managing the worlds problems
  of
• ending wars
• assisting displaced people
• reducing tensions
• International interest is growing
• UN, Regional Organizations, and nations are
  improving their capabilities to plan, deploy and
  manage peace operations