CEREBRUM

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CEREBRUM
Dr Hina Khalil Malik Department of Anatomy Fatima
Jinnah Dental College
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Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)

• Paired (left and right) superior parts of the
  brain
• Include more than half of the brain mass

Figure 7.13a
Slide 7.28a
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Sub-divisions of the Cerebrum

• Telencephalon
• Diencephalon

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Layers of the Cerebrum

• Gray matter
• Outer layer
• Composed mostly of neuron cell bodies

Figure 7.13a
Slide 7.33a
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Layers of the Cerebrum

• White matter
• Fiber tracts inside the gray matter
• Example corpus callosum connects hemispheres

Figure 7.13a
Slide 7.33b
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CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
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Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)

• The surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves
  (sulci)

Figure 7.13a
Slide 7.28b
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MAIN SULCI

• Central sulcus
• Lateral sulcus
• Parieto-occipital sulcus
• Calcarine sulcus

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LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
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Superolateral Surface

• 1.Frontal lobe
• Division By 3 sulci into 4 gyri

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• 2.Parietal lobe
• Division By 2 sulci into 3 gyri

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• 3.Temporal lobe
• Division Into 3 gyri by 2 sulci

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• 4.Occipital lobe

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Medial Inferior surface of the Hemisphere
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INTERNAL STRUCTURE

• Lateral ventricle
• Basal nuclei (ganglia)
• a. corpus straitum ( caudate lentiform
  nucleus)
• b. amaygdaloid nucleus
• c. claustrum

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WHITE MATTER

• Nerve fibers classified into 3 groups
• 1.Commisural fibers
• 2.Association fibers
• 3.Projection fibers

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• Commissural fibers connect cortical regions on
  one side to corresponding regions on other side,
  most are located in a band calledCORPUS
  CALLOSUM splits cerebral hemispheres.
  Projection fibers tracts connect cerebral
  cortex w lower levels of brain or spinal cord.
• Association fibers one area of cortex to
  another same side
• Projection fibers tracts connect cerebral
  cortex w lower levels of brain or spinal cord.

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DIENCEPHALON
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• It consists of the 3rd ventricle and the
  structures that its boundaries
• 4 major parts
• Thalamus
• Subthalamus
• Epithalamus
• Hypothalamus

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Structure of the Cerebral Cortex
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Nerve Cells of the Cerebral Cortex

• Pyramidal cells
• Stellate cells
• Fusiform cells
• Horizontal cells of Cajal
• Cells of Martinotti

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Nerve Fibers of the Cerebral Cortex

• Radial fibers
• Tangential fibers
• -Band of Baillarger

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Layers

• 1.Molecular
• 2.External granular
• 3.External pyramidal
• 4.Internal granular
• 5.Ganglionic (internal pyramidal)
• 6.Multiform

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Lobes of the Cerebrum

• Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into
  lobes
• Surface lobes of the cerebrum
• Frontal lobe
• Parietal lobe
• Occipital lobe
• Temporal lobe

Slide 7.29a
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The Brain Cerebrum (bumps and grooves)
The sulcus dividing frontal and parietal lobes is
Central Sulcus. Ridges on either side are Pre
Post gyri Pre CS motor cortex Post CS somatic
sensory cortex
Motor
Sensory
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The Brain Cerebrum (lobes)
Cerebrum divided into 4 lobes Frontal motor
function, motivation, aggression, smell and
mood Parietal reception and evaluation of
sensory info. Temporal smell, hearing, memory
and abstract thought Occipital visual processing
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FRONTAL LOBE

• The Frontal Lobe-extends from the central sulcus
  to the anterior limit of the brain
• Contains Primary Motor Cortex-fine movements
• Contributes to shifting attention, planning of
  action, delayed response tasks as examples

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FRONTAL LOBE
Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum
-Primary motor area (Brodmanns area 4) sends
impulses to skeletal muscles -Secondary motor
area, premotor area (Brodmanns areas 6 parts
of 8,44, 45) -Brocas area (Brodmanns area 44
45) involved in our ability to speak
Slide 7.30
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PARIETAL LOBE

• The Parietal Lobe-between occipital lobe the
  central sulcus
• Contains the primary somatosensory cortex(
  B.Areas 3,1,2)-receiving touch sensation,
  muscle-stretch information and joint position
  information
• Somatic sensory area receives impulses from the
  bodys sensory receptors

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TEMPORAL LOBE

• The Temporal Lobe-lateral portion of each
  hemisphere, near the temples
• Primary auditory area ( Brodmanns areas 41 42)
• Secondary auditory area (area22)
• Sensory speech area of Wernicke
• Contains targets for audition, essential for
  understanding spoken language, complex visual
  processes, emotional and motivational behaviors

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OCCIPITAL LOBE

• The Occipital Lobe-posterior end of cortex
• Primary visual cortex ( Brodmanns area 17
• Secondary visual area (Brodmanns areas 18 19)

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Sensory and Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
Figure 7.14
Slide 7.31
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Specialized Area of the Cerebrum

• Cerebral areas involved in special senses
• Gustatory area (taste) B. Area 43
• Visual area B. Area 17,18 19
• Auditory area B. Area 41 42
• Olfactory area B. Area 28

Slide 7.32a
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• Vestibular area
• Insula

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Specialized Area of the Cerebrum

• Interpretation areas of the cerebrum (Association
  Cortex)
• Speech/language region
• Language comprehension region
• General interpretation area

Slide 7.32b
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Specialized Area of the Cerebrum
Figure 7.13c
Slide 7.32c
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Figure 4.20  Some major subdivisions of the human
cerebral cortexThe four lobes occipital,
parietal, temporal, and frontal.
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