Basic Hazard

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Basic Hazard Risk Assessment
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Basic Hazard Risk AssessmentTerminology
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Terminology

• Form is the various ways in which materials exist
  and take shape
• solid
• liquid
• gas

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Terminology

• Flash Point is the minimum temperature of a
  liquid at which it gives off vapors sufficient to
  form an ignitable mixture with air

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Terminology

• Ignition Temperature (or autoignition
  temperature) is the minimum temperature to which
  a substance must be raised in order to ignite
  without an outside ignition source

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Terminology
Acetic Acid 62
Water 32

• Melting Point is the temperature at which a solid
  changes to a liquid

Chlorine -150
Butane -216
Carbon Monoxide -326
Helium -490
Fahrenheit
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Terminology
Diesel Oil 550F
Water 212

• Boiling Point is the temperature at which a
  liquid boils

Gasoline 140
Propane -44
Carbon Monoxide -314
Helium -484
Fahrenheit
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States of Matter
Gas State
(Steam)

• The state a substance is in when you encounter it
  on an emergency scene is determined by
• its melting point
• its boiling point
• its temperature

Liquid State
(Water)
Solid State
(Ice)
Fahrenheit
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Terminology Explosive Limits
too rich
Upper explosive limit
of chemical vapor in air
Lower explosive limit
too lean
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Terminology Explosive Limits
Chemical LEL UEL

• Butane 2.0 8.5
• Propane 2.2 9.5
• Acetylene 2.5 81.0
• Natural gas 5.3 14.0

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Terminology

• Flammable Range
• (or explosive range) is the difference between
  the upper and lower flammable limits (or
  explosive limits)

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Explosive Rangesof Common Flammables
Acetone
Anh. Ammonia
Butane
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylene Oxide
Ethylene Oxide
Gasoline
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Propane
0
100
Percentage Vapor Concentration by Volume in Air
Explosive Range
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Terminology Water Solubility

• soluble in all proportions
• (partially soluble)
• insoluble

("miscible")
("immiscible")
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Terminology Solubility

• The more soluble a substance is, the more likely
  it is to contaminate water sources, and the more
  difficult it will be to separate it from water
  during clean-up operations

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Terminology

• Vapor Pressure is the pressure exerted by a
  liquids escaping vapors on the walls of a
  container
• All liquids have their own vapor pressure, which
  is caused by the evaporation of the liquid

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Terminology

• A chemicals vapor pressure varies with changes
  in temperature
• The higher the vapor pressure the more rapidly
  the chemical will vaporize if spilled, and if it
  is flammable, large volumes of flammable vapors
  will be produced

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Terminology

• Specific Gravity is the weight of a solid or
  liquid, as compared to the weight of an equal
  volume of water

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Terminology Specific Gravity

• Typical oil 0.8
• Water 1.0
• Steel 7.8

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Terminology

• Vapor Density
• refers to the weight density of a gas or vapor

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TerminologyVapor Density

• Hydrogen 0.07
• Air 1.0
• Chlorine 2.5

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Terminology

• Chemical reactivity the relative degree or
  susceptibility of the material to release energy,
  either by itself or in combination with other
  materials

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Terminology

• Corrosivity the relative ability of the
  material to visibly destroy or alter human skin
  tissue at the site of contact or to corrode steel
  at a highly accelerated rate

(pH scale is logarithmic, increasing by powers of
ten as you move in either direction from neutral)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14
Acids
Base/Alkali Hydroxides
N
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Terminology
Toxic products of combustion

• The process of combustion produces a variety of
  products, of which all should be considered toxic

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Alpha particles
Terminology
Beta particles
Neutron particles
Gamma rays
paper skin
wood
metal
lead
"Half-life"
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Terminology

• Alpha particles are the least penetrating of the
  three types of ionizing radiation
• They do not penetrate the skin and can be stopped
  by a piece of thin paper or clothing

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Terminology

• Beta particles can travel in air several hundred
  times the distance of alpha particles
• They can penetrate skin and tissue, and require a
  few millimeters of aluminum to stop them

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Terminology

• Neutron particles are given off by the fission of
  certain elements
• Since these free neutrons are not electrically
  charged they have tremendous penetrating power,
  having a highly damaging effect on human tissue

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Terminology

• Gamma rays, unlike alpha and beta particles, are
  pure energy
• They are very penetrating and can travel many
  feet in air and many inches through tissue

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Terminology

• Half-life is a measure of the rate of decay of a
  radioactive material
• It indicates the period of time needed for half
  of a given amount of a radioactive substance to
  change to another nuclear form or element

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Material Safety Data Sheets

• OSHA requires every work site that handles, uses,
  processes or stores hazardous materials of any
  type to have a MSDS available at the site for
  each hazardous material

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Material Safety Data Sheets

• Purpose
• Content

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Material Safety Data Sheets

• 1) Product Identification
• 2) Hazardous Components
• 3) Physical Data
• 4) Fire Explosion Hazard Data
• 5) Health Hazard Data
• 6) Reactivity Data
• 7) Spill Disposal Procedures
• 8) Protective Equipment
• 9) Storage Handling Precautions
• 10) Transportation Data Additional Info

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Material Safety Data Sheets

• Chemical manufacturers, importers and
  distributors of chemicals and compounds are
  required to provide a material safety data sheet
  upon delivery of a chemical or compound

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Material Safety Data Sheets

• Unfortunately, the law does not require that
  MSDSs follow a standardized format they are
  however required to contain specific information

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ApplicationStep
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EPA Pesticide Labels
CB
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EPA Pesticide Labels

• The product name shows up clearly on the front
  panel of the label
• When requesting information on a pesticide from
  the Poison Control Center, use this name

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EPA Pesticide LabelsSignal Word

• DANGER High toxicity
• WARNING Medium toxicity
• Caution Low toxicity

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EPA Pesticide LabelsSignal Word

• The labels of highly toxic pesticides display the
  signal word "DANGER", a skull and crossbones, and
  the word "POISON" printed in red

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EPA Pesticide LabelsSignal Word

• Moderately toxic pesticides are identified on the
  label by the signal word "WARNING"
• Low toxicity materials are identified by the
  signal word "CAUTION"

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EPA Pesticide LabelsIngredient Statement

• Ingredients are listed as "active" or "inert"
• Active ingredients must be listed by a chemical
  name sometimes the common name is listed also
• Inert ingredients usually are not named only
  their total percentage is given

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EPA Pesticide Labels

• The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  "registration number" must be on every pesticide
  label
• This number, like the product name, ensures
  positive identification of the pesticide

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EPA Pesticide LabelsEPA Registration Number

• In Canada the equivalent to the EPA registration
  number is known as the Pest Control Product (PCP)
  number

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EPA Pesticide LabelsPhysical or Chemical Hazards

• Another portion of the label may give information
  on the storage, disposal of the product and
  environmental or wildlife hazards that could
  occur from product contamination resulting from
  improper disposal

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EPA Pesticide Labels

• A "statement of practical treatment" may appear
  on the label
• precautionary information and instructions about
  what to do if you are exposed
• a note to the physician giving antidotal or
  treatment information

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EPA Pesticide Labels

• If you respond to an incident involving spilled
  pesticides, or a fire involving pesticides,
  contact the Oregon Poison Center for professional
  advice

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Other Sources of Printed Material
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Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in
Surface Transportation
Printed Sources
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ETHYL BUTYL ETHER 4909164 FLAMMABLE LIQUID UN 1179

• Ethyl butyl ether is a clear, colorless liquid
  with an ethereal odor It has a flash point of 40
  deg F It is lighter than water and is slightly
  soluble in water Its vapors are heavier than air
• If material on fire or involved in fire
• Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be
  stopped
• Use water in flooding quantities as fog
• Solid streams of water may spread fire
• Cool all affected containers with flooding
  quantities of water
• Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon
  dioxide
• If material not on fire and not involved in fire

Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of
ignition away Keep material out of water sources
and sewers Build dikes to contain flow as
necessary Attempt to stop leak if without undue
personnel hazard Use water spray to disperse
vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid
Personnel protection
Avoid breathing vapors Keep upwind Wear
appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and
goggles Do not handle broken packages unless
wearing appropriate personal protective
equipment Wash away any material which may have
contacted the body with copious amounts of water
or soap and water
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EmergencyAction Guides
Printed Sources
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Printed Sources

• Chemical Hazards Response Information System
• (CHRIS)

Hazardous Chemical Data
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Printed Sources
National Fire Protection Association
Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials
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Printed Sources
The Firefighters Handbook of Hazardous Materials
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The Firefighters Handbookof Hazardous Materials
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Printed Sources
Crop Protection Handbook
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Hazardous SubstanceInformation System
Computer Sources
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Computer Sources

• Chemical Hazards Response Information System
• (CHRIS)

Hazardous Chemical Data
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Computer Sources

• Provides
• detailed response information
• chemical hazard assessment
• suit compatibility data
• Can also plot vapor dispersion patterns based on
  current weather conditions

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ApplicationStep
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Special Incident Hazards

• It is important to identify special incident
  hazards associated with criminal or terrorist
  activities that emergency responders should be
  able to recognize

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Special Incident Hazards

• Use the acronym B-NICE to remember these hazards

Biological
Nuclear
Incendiary
B
N
I
Chemical
Explosives
C
E
All B-NICE hazards may involve armed attacks
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Special Incident Hazards
B-NICE Incidents Crime Scenes

• All incidents involving B-NICE hazards and/or
  armed attack should be treated as a crime scene

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Special Incident Hazards

• The procedures to be used by each organization to
  secure the crime scene and preserve evidence
  should be spelled out in the local emergency
  response plan and/or the organization's standard
  operating procedures

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Special Incident Hazards

• Emergency responders not familiar with how to
  conduct proper crime scene activities should
  request assistance from qualified law enforcement
  agencies

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Special Incident Hazards

• The potential crime scene area should be cordoned
  off and should remain closed to all except the
  crime scene specialists involved in securing
  evidence

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Special Incident Hazards

• Assistance with criminal or terrorist activities
  involving hazardous materials can be provided by
  the federal defense authorities, such as the
  Defense Logistics Agency and US Army Operations
  Center

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Special Incident Hazards

• The procedure for contacting federal defense
  authorities should be spelled out in each
  organization's emergency response plan or in
  standard operating procedures

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Special Incident Hazards

• US Army Operations Center, for incidents
  involving explosives
• and ammunition
• [phone]
• call collect

24 Hours - Emergency Use Only
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Special Incident Hazards

• Defense Logistics Agency, for incidents involving
  dangerous goods other than explosives and
  ammunition
• [phone]

24 Hours - Emergency Use Only
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Hazard Risk AssessmentReview

• CHEMTREC
• Emergency Response Guidebook
• Terminology
• Material safety data sheets
• EPA pesticide labels
• Other sources
• Special Incident Hazards

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Summary