The Montreal Protocol and Climate Change

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The Montreal Protocol and Climate Change

Marco GonzalezOzone SecretariatUNEPDECEMBER
2007
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Vienna Convention / Montreal Protocol

• Objectives
• VC to protect human health and the environment
  against adverse effects resulting from
  modifications of the ozone layer
• MP to protect the ozone layer
• In addition, the 4th preamble paragraph to the
  Montreal Protocol states
• Conscious of the potential climatic effects of
  emissions of these substances,
• Therefore climate change was considered

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The Montreal Protocol

• A successful multilateral environmental agreement
• Phased-out over 95 of global consumption of
  ozone-depleting substances in just 20 years
• Ozone layer on path to recover by mid-century
• Averted many millions cases of cancer deaths and
  cataract cases

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Global Annual Consumption Parties had achieved
an aggregate 96 reduction in all ODSs
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S. Montzka, NOAA/ESRL, 2006
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Effects of the Montreal Protocol and Amendments
Averted many millions cases of cancer deaths and
cataract cases
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Parallels between the conventions and the
protocols

• The Vienna Convention adopted in 1985
• The Montreal Protocol adopted in 1987
• Entry into force in 1989
• Amended 4 times 1990, 1992, 1997 1999
• Adjusted 6 times
• 96 substances controlled
• 191 Parties so far

• The Framework Convention on Climate Change
  (UNFCCC) adopted in 1992
• The Kyoto Protocol adopted in 1997
• Entry into force in 2005
• Amended once in 2006
• Basket of 6 gases controlled
• 176 Parties so far

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Substance GWP GWP GWP ODP
CFC-12 10,720 3750 1
CFC-114 9880 3460 1
CFC-115 7250 2540 0.6
CFC-113 6030 2110 0.8
CFC-11 6800 1640 1
HCFC-142b 2270 800 0.065
HCFC-22 1780 620 0.055
HCFC-141b 713 250 0.11
Halon-1301 7030 2460 10
Halon-1211 1860 650 3
Halon-2402 1620 570 6
Carbon Tetrachloride 1380 480 1.1
Methyl Chloroform 144 50 0.1
Methyl Bromide 5 2 0.6
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Consumption under Montreal Protocol Measured in
equivalent GWP-tonnes of CO2 emissions note the
increasing significance of HCFCs
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Climate Benefits of Ozone Protection

• IPCC/TEAP Special Report on Ozone and Climate
  first highlighted the GWP-weighted emissions
• December 2006 Velders, et al., The Importance of
  the Montreal Protocol in Protecting Climate
• MP will reduce GHG emissions by 135 GtCO2-eq.
  between 1990 and 2010
• This is delaying climate change by up to 12 years
• If voluntary efforts domestic measures from
  1970s are taken into account, delay is up to 41
  years

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Velders, Andersen, Daniel, Fahey, McFarland,
PNAS, 2007
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Triumph in Montreal
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(No Transcript)
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Developing Countries HCFC Schedule
New Control Schedule Old Control Schedule
2013 Freeze at average of 2009-2010 levels 2015 10 reduction 2020 35 reduction 2025 67.5 reduction 2030 100 reduction while allowing 2.5 for refrigeration and A/C servicing until 2040. - 2016 Freeze at 2015 levels - - 2040 100 reduction
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Article 5 HCFC Control Measures Old vs New
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Article 5 HCFC Consumption Savings from the New
HCFC Adjustments (assumes freeze at previous base
level of 2015)
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Key Excerpts HCFC Adjustment Decision

• Paragraph 5 on financial and technical
  assistance
• To agree that the funding available through the
  Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of MP in
  the upcoming replenishments shall be stable and
  sufficient to meet all agreed incremental costs
  to enable A5 parties to comply with the
  accelerated phase-out schedule both for
  production and consumption sectors as set out
  above, and based on that understanding, to also
  direct the Executive Committee of Multilateral
  Fund to make the necessary changes to the
  eligibility criteria related to the post-1995
  facilities and second conversions.

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Key Excerpts HCFC Adjustment Decision

• Paragraph 9 on climate change
• To encourage Parties to promote the selection of
  alternatives to HCFCs that minimize environmental
  impacts, in particular impacts on climate, as
  well as meeting other health, safety and economic
  considerations.
• Paragraph 11 on climate change
• To give priority to cost-effective projects
  and programmes which focus on substitutes and
  alternatives that minimize other impacts on the
  environment, including on the climate, taking
  into account global warming potential, energy
  use, and other relevant facts.

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GAZING INTO THE FUTURE
An agreement that is doing so much for
ozoneand for climateclearly deserves our
attention. It has much to teach us. .