Animal Transport

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Animal Transport
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Transport is the circulation and distribution of
materials.
Ameba Paramecium
Transport is based on Passive Transport
diffusion and osmosis Active Transport
contractile vacuole Cyclosis (cytoplasmic
streaming)
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Cnidarians Coelenterates Hydra, jellyfish
Simple since cells are in close contact with
environment
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Multicellular animals require efficient systems
for exchange and transport. Open System
Transport fluid flows through freely through body
cavities Closed System Transport tissue flows
within vessels
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Vertebrates have closed systems but vary in the
heart chambers Fish 2 Amphibian 3 Mammal and
Bird 4
The four chamber heart separates oxygen rich from
oxygen poor blood
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Human Circulation Trace the path of blood in the
human system. Arteries Arterioles Capillaries
Veinioles Veins
Intro to Circulation video
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Label the diagram of the heart. Oxygen rich/
oxygen poor?
Heart video
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Control of the Heart Cycle Nerves send impulses
to the pacemaker on the right atrium of the
heart. Accelerator increases rate Vagus
decreases rate Hormone adrenaline increases rate
during the fight / flight mechanism
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How does the structure of the blood vessels
compare?
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Vein
Artery
Blood Vessels Video
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Blood flow in the veins is aided by the
surrounding muscles and valves that prevent back
flow.
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Blood in the arteries is under pressure from the
heart. Look at what happens to the blood flow as
it passes through the vessels.
Blood Pressure video
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How is blood pressure measured? Systolic is the
pressure of the ventricles contracting Diastolic
is the pressure during the relaxation or
ventricles refilling.
Pressure cuff is called a sphygmomanometer.
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Body blood flow is regulated by precapillary
sphincters. Helps regulate heat exchange. What
happens to your skin when you are cold? Hot?
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Components of the Blood
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Components of Blood Video
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Blood Clotting When does clotting occur?
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Leading Causes of Death(All figures are for
U.S.) Final 2000 data    Ten Leading Causes of
Death in the U.S.       Heart Disease
710,760       Cancer 553,091       Stroke
167,661       Chronic Lower Respiratory
Disease 122,009       Accidents 97,900
      Diabetes 69,301       Pneumonia/Influenza
65,313       Alzheimer's Disease 49,558
      Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and
nephrosis 37,251       Septicemia 31,224
Final 2000 data Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
http//www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/lcod.htm
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Health Problem Incidence per Year Major Originating Factors
1. Heart Disease 769,353 diet, smoking, lack of exercise, stress, poor health education
2. Cancer 476,927 diet, smoking, environmental pollution, poor health education
3. Cerebrovascular Disease 149,835 diet, smoking stress, lack of exercise, poor health education
4. Accidents 95,020 alcohol, education, lack of governmental and business safety protection
5. Pulmonary Diseases 78,380 smoking, lack of exercise, nutrition, air pollution
6. Pneumonia and Influenza 69,225 nutrition, poverty, stress, poor health education
7. Diabetes mellitus 38,796 nutrition, poverty, stress, poor health education
8. Suicide 30,796 psychological stress, poverty, nutrition
9. Liver Disease 26,201 alcohol, stress, poverty, nutrition, poor health education
10. Athleroschlerosis 22,474 nutrition, smoking, lack of exercise, stress, poor health education
11. Kidney Disease 22,052 diet, alcohol, smoking, poverty, poor health education
12. Homicide 21,103 poverty, psychological stress, alcohol, drugs, gun availability
13. Septicimia 19,916 nutrition, hospitals, poverty, poor health education
14. Perinatal Condition 18,222 poverty, nutrition, poor health education
15. Congenital Anomalies 12,330 alcohol, drugs, poverty, poor health education
Comprehensive Health Care for Everyone A Guide
for Body, Mind, and Spiritby Thomas M. Collins
(1995)
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Malfunctions of circulatory system Heart attack
coronary arteries blocked Stroke aneurism or
clot in brain Hypertension high blood pressure
Atherosclerosis
Normal Artery
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Coronary Arteries
Bypass surgery
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Stroke Fact Sheet
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The Bodys Defense SystemChapter 31
Phagocytosis
Lymphocytes
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The Germ Theory of Disease Diseases that are
caused by pathogens are known as infectious
diseases. Pathogens include certain bacteria,
protozoans, fungi, and worms, and viruses.
In the mid 1800s, Louis Pasteur demonstrated the
importance of microorganisms.
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Joseph Lister, an English surgeon, reduced
infections in patients by washing hands and
sterilizing equipment. Lister hypothesized that
microorganisms caused infections that was killing
50 of his patients following surgery.
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Kochs Postulates Robert Koch, a German
physician, built upon the previous work of
Pasteur and Lister. His method is used to
identify the pathogens that cause specific
diseases.
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Modern life has evolved in a world of microbes.
Some are symbiotic and benefit metabolism but
others are pathogenic
TERMITES (Reticulitermes flavipes)
Nitrogen fixing bacteria in the roots of legumes
Enemy Within Bacteria video
Anthrax spores
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Viruses are non-living without a host. A
protein coat and nucleic acids
Virus video
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Diversity of animal viruses
Measles
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Influenza Viruses
1918 Flu Epidemic
Infectious disease video
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• The Bodys Defense
• Nonspecific defense against infection
• a. Barriers external and internal
• b. Phagocytic cells, complement proteins
• c. Inflammatory response
• Specific defense (immune system)

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• First line of defense Barriers
• Intact skin secretions create a pH of 3-5
• Mucous membranes
• Tears, saliva contain antimicrobial proteins
• Digestive system contains acids
• Ciliated cells in trachea with mucous traps
  microbes prevents them from entering lungs

Lining of trachea shows mucous producing cells
and ciliated cells
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• Second line of defense Phagocytic Leukocytes
  (WBC)
• Neutrophils 60-70 of all WBC short-lived
  phagocytes
• Monocytes 5, develop into macrophages
• Basophils involved in the inflammatory response
• Eosinophils involved in parasitic invaders
• Natural killer cells destroy viral infected body
  cells

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Nonspecific defense
Monocytes give rise to Macrophages
Phagocytosis by macrophage
The scanning electron micrograph above, shows a
human macrophage (gray) approaching a chain of
Streptococcus pyogenes (yellow). Riding atop the
macrophage is a spherical lymphocyte.
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Inflammatory Response

• During an inflammatory response, chemical signals
  trigger changes in blood vessels and attract
  white blood cells that help destroy the invaders
• Histamines are released by basophils and mast
  Increased blood flow
• Chemokines attract WBC
• Increased Phagocytic activity

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Specialized Proteins Infected cells produce
interferon, which stimulates noninfected cells to
manufacture substances that block virus
reproduction. This limits the spread of virus to
neighboring cells.
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The Third Line Targeted Defense is specific
immunity provided by Lymphocytes Antigens are the
foreign molecules that elicits a specific
response B and T lymphocytes have specific
antigen receptors
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Development of Lymphocytes B cells are produced
in bone and make antibodies T cells are
produced in thymus and are known for the cellular
response Helper T Cells Cytotoxic T Cells Both
cells produce memory cells that give permanent
immunity
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• Pathway to specific immunity involves recognizing
  self from non-self.
• Macrophages or infected cells present antigens
  (non-self molecules) to the lymphocytes.
• Lymphocytes are specific to the antigens
• B cells produce antibodies
• Cytotoxic T cells kill infected body cells
• Helper T cells stimulate other cells and defenses

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Pathway of a specific response to
antigens Macrophages engulf and then display the
antigens of pathogens they have "eaten." This
display activates a specific version of helper T
cells. The activated helper T cells in turn
stimulate cytotoxic T cells and B cells.
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Macrophage and T cells interact to stimulate
Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells B cells
CD4 is one of the receptor sites used by HIV
virus.
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Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy infected
body cells
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B Lymphocytes are selected by specific antigens
(foreign particles). Specific selection results
in the cloning of the B cells and production of
antibodies that match the antigen.
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Antibodies secreted by the B cells bind to
antigens that have a complementary or matching
shape.
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Antibodies have lots of different shapes that
have the potential to bind to antigens.
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Antibodies interact with antigens and aid in
elimination several ways.
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T Dependent Response Follow the steps that
stimulate the production of antibodies
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Overview of the Immune Response
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Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
The first exposure to a pathogen produces B and T
memory cells specific to that pathogen. A second
exposure activates those memory cells.
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Vaccinations provide long term immunity. A
vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies
and memory cells that protect against future
exposure to the pathogen.
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The introduction of the measles vaccine in the
early 1960s helped to greatly reduce the number
of reported cases of measles.
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Immunity can occur naturally or artificially 1.
Active Immunity stimulates the infected
persons immune system, generally considered
permanent a. Immunization by vaccination give
the person a weakened, dead, fragment of
the pathogen b. Recover from the infection
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2. Passive Immunity person receives antibodies
only so it is temporary a. Maternal immunity
occurs when antibodies pass from mother
to baby through placenta and breast milk
b. Artificial injection of antibodies gives
short term immunity
Defending the Body Against Disease video
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Immune System Failures Allergies immune
reaction involving histamines to a
harmlessallergen. Autoimmune diseases immune
system destroys body cells, type I diabetes,
multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Disease
Beta cells normally synthesize the insulin
Closer Look at Some Diseases video
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Allergy abnormal immune system sensitivity to an
otherwise harmless antigen An allergic reaction
releases histamines, which cause the
characteristic allergy symptoms. These symptoms
may include a runny nose and watery eyes.
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Allergins cause allergic reactions. Histamines
are released and the inflammatory response occurs
Beware of Dust Bunnies!
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HIV Virus animation
Review of Defense video
HIV enters T cell
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Stages of HIV Infection