Livestock: transport and markets ????:?????

1
Livestock transportand markets ?????????

• Module 15
• ??15

2
This module will enable you to????????

• Identify the primary welfare issues in the
  transport and sale through markets of
  animals???????????????????????
• Describe methods by which these welfare issues
  may be addressed?????????????

3
Farm animal transport Why is it
important???????? ?????????

• Animal welfare ????
• Economicspotential
  production losses
• ??????????
• Deaths??
• Dehydration??
• Meat quality??

4
Primary welfare issues??????????

• Loading/unloading methods
• ??/?????
• Fatigue and journey times
• ???????

?
5
Primary welfare issues??????????

• Heat and cold stress??????
• Injury and inspection?????
• vehicle standards???????
• driver competence?????
• Hunger, dehydration
  and thirst??,?????
• Stocking density on
  vehicles????????
• Motion sickness??

6
Journey times Legal controls 1???? ?????? 1

• USA Twenty-Eight Hour Law (1873)
• ??28????
• Requires that animals that have been transported
  for more than 28 hours and across state lines be
  unloaded for a minimum of 5 hours for rest,
  watering and feeding????????28???????????????????5
  ??,????????
• May be extended to 36 hours on request??????36??
• Amended in 1994 to include road
  vehicles?1994????????????????

7
Journey times Legal controls 2???? ?????? 2

• Australia Model Code of Practice for the
  Welfare of Animals
• ?? ??????????
• Land transport of cattle (lt48 hours) and pigs
  (lt24 hours) water deprivation time
• ??(lt48??)???(lt24??)????? ??????

8
Journey times Legal controls 3???? ?????? 3

• European Transport Regulation
• ??????
• 8 hours 8??
• Except on high specification vehicles when
  species-specific??????????????????
• Up to 24 hours with water on board (pigs) or 29
  hours with a rest stop (adult cattle and
  sheep)????(??)????????????24??,??????(????)???????
  29???

9
Farm animal transport Heat and cold stress
1??????? ?????? 1
Optimal temperature range for pigs and
poultry??????????(20-23 ? )????????,??????????????
???????,????????,????????
Energy balance?? ??
Optimal temperature range for ruminants???????????
(10? - 30 ?)
20
30
Heat stress ???
10
Cold stress ???
Air temperature (oC) ?? (?)
After Webster 1995 ???? 1995
10
Farm animal transport Heat and cold stress
2??????? ?????? 2

• I would simply suggest that more animals found
  Dead on Arrival at their destination are killed
  by heat stress than die of any other cause
• ??????????????????????????????????????
• Webster 1995
• 
  ???? 1995

11
Vehicle standards ??????
Bull transport in the Philippines ????????
12
Basic requirements ????

• Non-slip floor of adequate strength??????????
• Absorbent floor litter or other means of removing
  urine and faeces?????????????????????
• Sufficient space and head room??????????
• Adequate ventilation?????
• Easy to clean and escape-proof????????
• No sharp edges or protrusions????????????
• Suitable loading angle???????
• Light??

13
EU high specification vehicles???????????

• Sufficient bedding?????
• Appropriate and sufficient feed
• ????????
• Direct access to animals???????
• Adequate ventilation?????
• Moveable pen dividers????????
• Vehicles equipped for connection to a water
  supply when stopped????????????????????

14
Driver competence 1?????? 1

• The driver is the responsible person and
• should understand
• ????????????????
• The authorisation requirements??????
• Vehicle construction and welfare law????????????
• How to??
• Plan journeys and contingencies?????????
• Complete documents????
• Load, operate and control vehicle????????????
• When to seek help???????

15
Driver competence 2?????? 2

• The driver must understand
• ???????
• Animal handling
  during loading and
  unloading
• ?????/?????????
• Species-specific
  requirements???????
• Space requirements????

16
Driver competence 2?????? 2

• Effect of climate?????
• Ventilation adjustment?????
• Vehicle cleaning and disinfection?????????
• Signs of stress and ill-health??????????
• Care of unfit or injured animals????????????
• Restrictions on transporting casualties????????

17
Dehydration and thirst?????

• Severe problem for poultry and pigs????????????
• Less serious for ruminants rumen acts as
  reservoir????????? ??????????

18
Primary welfare issues Poultry?????? ??

• Removing birds from houses???????
• Staff paid piece rates ????
• Leg pain in broilers/turkeys ??/?????
• Fractures in laying hens?????
• Heat stress in meat birds??????
• Cold stress in end-of-lay hens ??????
• Journey times????
• Access to feed and water????????

19
Poultry dead on arrival???????
Dead on arrival ??? ??
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
6 6.5
Journey time (hours)????(??)
After Warris et al 1992
Module 21
20
Poultry transport?????
21
Poultry transport?????
Side-loading turkey transport vehicle ??????????
??
22
Poultry transport?????
23
Primary welfare issues Pigs??????? ??

• Fear at loading/unloading
• ??/?????
• Goad use ??????
• Mixing stock ???????
• Ramp angles ??
• Dark vehicles and lairages ?????????
• Heat stress and dehydrati ??????
• Motion sickness ??
• Injuries from overcrowding ??????????

24
Primary welfare issues Pigs??????? ??
25
Primary welfare issues Pigs (motion
sickness)??????? ?? (?????)

• 26 of fifty 80kg pigs transported in a
  commercial livestock vehicle vomited or
  retched?????????????????????????
• 50 showed advanced symptoms of foaming or
  chomping???????????????

(Randall et al 1998)
26
Primary welfare issues Pigs??????? ??
Loading ramp for pigs ??????????
27
Transport of piglets?????

• EU Welfare of Animals during Transport Council
  Regulation (EC) No 1/2005
• ????????????
• Pigs younger than 3 weeks should not be
  transported more than 100 km ??????????????100??
• Pigs lighter than 10 kg should not be
  transported over 8 hours unless accompanied by
  their mother.10???????,????????8?????????

28
Primary welfare issues Cattle?????? ?

• Loading and unloading goad use, stick marks and
  bruising, bad ramps?????-?????(?) ,????,??????
• Mixing young bulls??????????????
• Lactating cows require milking???????
• Veal calves unable to lie down poor provision
  of bedding and high stocking densities???????-????
  ?????
• Dehydration in veal calves??????

29
Primary welfare issues Cattle?????? ?
Loading a buffalo ??????
30
Transport of calves?????

• EU Welfare of Animals during Transport Council
  Regulation (EC) No 1/2005
• ????????????
• Calves younger than 10 days should not be
  transported over 100 km ????10??????????100??
• Calves younger than 14 days should not be
  transported over 8 hours unless unless
  accompanied by their mother ????14????,????????8??
  ???????

31
Primary welfare issues Sheep and goats??????
?????

• Fear during loading and unloading dogs and
  people??/??????-?????
• Heat stress ???
• Space allowances greater for unshorn and
  pregnant animals (0.2 0.5 m2 in
  EU)?????-??????????(???,?????0.20.5?)
• Feed provision during rest stops ????????
• Sheep eat first and may not drink for up to six
  hours ??????6??????

32
Primary welfare issues Horses?????? ?

• Injury due to shoes or falling???????????
• Individual stalls or boxes????????
• Single-decked vehicles?????????
• Strangulation due to halters and ties????????????
• Discomfort/frustration due to short ties
  preventing lying and feeding???????????????/??

33
Transport of horses????

• EU Welfare of Animals during Transport Council
  Regulation (EC) No 1/2005
• ????????????
• Journeys cannot exceed 8 hours if??????8??,?
• Horses are unbroken (i.e. not yet used to being
  handled) ?????(??????????)
• Horses are younger than 4 months (unless
  accompanied by their mother) ????????(????????)
• Horses are transported in a group, and are not in
  single partitions ????,?????

34
Primary welfare issues Other species??????
????

• Rabbits??
• Few abattoirs long journeys
• ????? ????
• Container transport no food or water
• ???? ??????
• Deer?
• Undomesticated fear and injury often shot on
  farm
• ????? ???????????????

35
To transport or not to transport??????

• Emergencies and casualties?????????
• Sick and injured?????
• Heavily pregnant?????
• New-born (e.g. male dairy calves)???(??,????)
• Unweaned????

36
To transport or not to transport??????

• When is an animal not fit to travel??????????
• Unable to move independently or walk
  unassisted???????????????
• Have severe open wound or prolapse???????????
• Pregnant females in the last 10 of the gestation
  period, or who have given birth in previous
  week??????????????10??,?????????
• New-born mammals with unhealed navel??????????????

37
To transport or not to transport??????

• When can an injured animal be transported?????????
  ?????
• Minor injury??????
• Can bear weight on all legs?????????????
• Can walk unaided on to the transporter????????????
  ????
• For emergency veterinary treatment????????????

38
Markets??

• Traditional role????
• No longer necessary??????
• Large versus small producers??????vs?????
• Double loading/unloading stress????/?????
• Effect on journey times???????
• Mixing of animals???????
• Disease transfer???

39
Markets ??
Philippines market ?????
40
Markets ??

• For multiple/small producers, markets or
  collection centres allow???/??????????????????
• One vehicle from each farm????????
• Shorter total journey to plant??????????
• Time on poor roads to be minimised????????????

41
Requirements ??

• Maximum stocking densities marked on pens??????
  ??????
• Penthroughput ratio to prevent mixing??
  ???????????
• Raised loading/unloading bays with non-slip ramps
  and floors?????/?????????????
• Ready access to veterinary treatment and means
  for humane slaughter???????????????????
• Shelter if long periods????????????

42
Requirements ??

• Safe fixtures and fittings no sharp edges or
  protrusions??????? ???????????
• Adequate ventilation?????
• Sufficient isolation pens???????
• Milking equipment????
• Lighting to allow inspection?????????
• Sufficient, trained personnel?????????
• Vehicle cleaning and disinfection
  facilities?????????

43
Markets Economics versus welfare ?? ??vs??

• Further transport of unsold stock???????????
• Sequential/multiple presentations at
  markets???????/???????????
• Short time spent on a number of
  premises????????????
• Transport to distant markets????????
• Inadequate market specification???????

44
Wet markets ??/????

• Open markets where consumers can buy live
  animals, for eating at home??????????????????
• Little or no animal welfare regulation /
  unhygienic???????????/???
• Transport to the market ????????
• Transport home with the consumer ??????????
• Holding conditions at the market?????
• Slaughter??

45
Wet markets ??/????
46
Summary ??

• Several major potential problems in farm animal
  transport ???????????????????
• Some problems are species-specific???????????
• Primary solutions are????????limiting journey
  times ??????
• improving vehicle design?????????
• training personnel ??????

47
Summary ??

• Dont transport ????
• Injured, new-born, heavily pregnant animals or
  those that have just given birth??,????,??????????
  ??????????????
• Animals that cannot bear weight on all four limbs
  and walk unaided onto the vehicle?????????????????
  ?????????????????????
• Markets??
• Impede verification of journey times??????????
• Standards at markets depend on whether the market
  is part of the journey time, or is a rest
  stop??????????????????????????

48
Further Reading ????

• COUNCIL REGULATION EC 1/2005 on the protection of
  animals during transport and related operations.
  Available from http//europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/L
  exUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_003/l_00320050105en000
  10044.pdf
• GRANDIN, T. Dr Temple Grandins Web page.
  Livestock Behaviour, Design of Facilities and
  Humane Slaughter. http//www.grandin.com/
• GREGORY NG, WILKINS LJ. 1989 Broken bones in
  domestic fowl handling and processing damage in
  end-of-lay battery hens. British Poutry Science
  30 555-562.
• RANDALL et al, 1998 Vehicle motion and motion
  sickness in pigs. Animal Science 66 239-245 Part
  1
• WARRISS PD, BEVIS EA, BROWN SN, EDWARDS JE. 1992
  Longer journeys to processing plants are
  associated with higher mortality in broiler
  chickens. British Poultry Science 33 201-206.

49
Further Reading ????

• WEBSTER, J., 1995 Animal Welfare A Cool Eye
  Towards Eden. Blackwell Science
• WEEKS, C.A., WEBSTER, A.J.F. WYLD, H.M., 1997
  Vehicle design and thermal comfort of poultry in
  transit. British Poultry Science 38464-474