Solar and Space Physics

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Solar and Space Physics and the Vision for Space
Exploration Understanding and Mitigating the
Radiation Hazards of Space Travel Progress and
Future Needs Richard B. Setlow Senior
Biophysicist Brookhaven National
Laboratory setlow_at_bnl.gov
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Some References 1. E.L. Alpen, (1998)
RADIATION BIOPHYSICS , second edition, Academic
Press, NY. 2. E.L. Alpen, et al. (1993)
Tumorigenic Potential of High-Z, High-LET
Charged-Particle Radiations. Radiat. Res. 136,
382-391. 3. M.J. Bissel, panel chair (1997)
Modeling Human Risk Cell and Molecular Biology
in Context Laurence Berkley National
Laboratory-40278. 4. F. Cucinotta, et al.,
(2002) Space Radiation Cancer Risk Projections
for Exploratory Missions Uncertainly Reduction
and Mitigation. NASA/ Technical
Publication-2002-21077 5. R.B. Setlow (1999)
The U.S. National Research Councils views of the
radiation hazards in space. Mutat.Res. 430,
169-175. 6. R.B. Setlow (2003) The hazards of
space travel. EMBO reports 4, 1013-1016


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Values of LET for a Range of HZE Nuclei
(From Reference 4,
page 8) __________________________________________
_______________________
Particle Type LET
(keV/µm) __________
__________________________________
60Co 0.23
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Modeling Human
Risk Cell Molecular
Biology in Context
Report Number LBNL-40278
June
1997 Mina J
Bissel, Panel Chair
Experimental Value
Calculated Value

Experimental Value
Experimental Value
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J.RADIAT.RES., 43 SUPPL.,S1-S6 (2002)
How Do We Get from Cell and Animal Data to Risks
for Humans from Space
Radiations? J.F.DICELLO
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Reference 2, p.385, 386, 388
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Ion Energy LET
(MeV/A) (keV/um) 60Co-gam
0.23 Protons
250 0.4 Helium 228
1.6 Neon 670
25 Iron 600
193 Iron 350
253 Niobium 600 464
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100 10 1 .1 .01 .001
Cross Section (µm2 )

Niobium
Iron-600
Iron-350
Neon
Protons
Helium
Cobalt-60
.1
1 10
100 1000
LET (keV/µm)
Cross Section for Tumor Induction in Hardarian
Gland in Mice Versus LET
Reference
2, p.386
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Figure 3. Cumulative excess lifetime incidence of
mammary tumours as a function of dose for the
photon, proton and iron irradiated rats. At the
higher doses, the likelihood of an animal
surviving without at least one tumour, when the
natural background rate is included, is
approaching zero. Although the primary regions
of interest for risk analysis are the lower dose
regions, background rates and the shape of the
response function at high doses was not known.
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RADIATION RESEARCH 164, in press (2005)
Cytotoxic Effects of Low- and High-LET Radiation
on Human Neuronal Progenitor Cells
P. Guida, M. E.
Vazquez and S. Otto
Induction of Apoptosis by Iron Nuclei or Gamma
Rays
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• Features
• Beams of heavy ions extracted from the booster
  accelerator with masses and energies similar to
  the cosmic rays encountered in space
• 1 billion electron volt (GeV)/nucleon iron-56
• 0.3GeV/nucleon gold-97
• 0.6GeV/nucleon silicon-28
• 1-GeV/nucleon protons
• 1-GeV/nucleon titanium
• 0.29-GeV/nucleon carbon
• a new 100-meter transport tunnel and beam line
  to deliver the beam to a 400 square-foot shielded
  target hall for NASA-funded space-effects
  experiments

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SHIELDING
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Figure 6. Effects of diets A, B, D and E on the
total antioxidant levels in
Sprague-Dawley rats irradiated with 1 GeV/n iron
ions.
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0g
1g
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AN EXAMPLE OF A RECENT DETERMINATION
OF RBEs THE EFFECTS OF HZEs ON THE INDUCTION
OF GERM-CELL MUTATIONS
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Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences (2005)
vol. 102, 6063-6067 Germ cell mutagenesis in
medaka fish following exposures to high
energy cosmic ray nuclei a human model Atsuko
Shimada, Akihiro Shima, Kumie Nojima, Yo
Seino and Richard Setlow Department of
Biological Sciences, School of Sciences,
University of Tokyo, Department of Integrated
Biosciences 102, Graduate School of Frontier
Sciences, University of Tokyo, International
Space Radiation Laboratory, National Institute of
Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Biology
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory,
Upton, NY 11973-5000 Contributed by Richard
Setlow To whom correspondence should be
addressed. E-mail setlow_at_bnl.gov Classification
Biological Sciences, Genetics
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Dose Response Data
sperm
tids
gonia
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Table 3. Relative Biological Effectiveness (
SD) of HZE Nuclei Induction of Mutations
in Sperm, Spermatids (tids) and Spermatogonia
(gonia) 3.5 GeV12C
56 GeV 56Fe sperm DL
1.32 0.13 1.49 .020
TM 1.69 0.29
1.89 0.20 tids DL 1.54
0.10 2.00 0.23 TM
2.1 0.5 2.94 0.47
gonia DL 5.4 1.0
6 8 TM 1.0
1.4 1.7 1.2
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