Biogeography

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Biogeography

• Climate, Biomes Biodiversity

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The answer my friend, is blowing in the wind.

• Wind is the circulatory system of the earth.
• Why?

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Weather happens. . .in the troposphere.

• Physical Properties
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Humidity
• Precipitation
• Sunshine
• Cloud cover
• Wind direction/speed

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Weather changes.

• Fronts boundary between air masses of different
  temperatures
• Atmospheric Pressure high descends low
  ascends
• These move and replace each other, thus changing
  the weather.

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Not so pleasant weather.

• Tornadoes (land)
• Tropical cyclones (water)
• Hurricanes (Atlantic)
• Typhoons (Pacific)
• What weather extreme are we most susceptible to?
• Are weather extremes ALWAYS bad?

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Prince Williams Sound
Gulf of Alaska
Risk of Tornadoes
CANADA
Highest
High
Low
UNITED STATES
Medium
Grand Banks
Hurricane Frequency
High
Moderately high
Atlantic Ocean
MEXICO
Fig. 6.2, p. 122
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Climate Characteristics

• Pattern of weather conditions
• Combines average temperature precipitation
• Caused by air ocean currents
• Spin, tilt, and sun

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Climate

• What affects it?
• air, water, ozone, greenhouse, topography

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Theres something in the Air.

• The earth is composed of polar, temperate
  tropical regions.
• Direct angled sunlight heats unevenly
• The earth has different seasons.
• Tilt revolution around the sun
• The earth has swirling air masses.
• Rotation on axis
• Convection cells circulate air, heat, moisture.
• Properties of air water
• Greenhouse effect Ozone.
• Chemical makeup of Troposphere Stratosphere

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Easterlies (from the east)
Westerlies (from the west)
60N
Northeast tradewinds
30N
(Doldrums)
equator
Southeast tradewinds
30S
Westerlies
Easterlies
60S
Deflections in the paths of air flow near the
earths surface 
Initial pattern of air circulation
Fig. 6.6b, p. 125
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Theres something in the Water.

• Ocean currents redistribute heat from the sun.
• Density, heat of vaporization thermohaline
• Ocean currents influence climate vegetation
• Upwellings mix ocean waters and distribute
  nutrients and DO

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Warm ocean current
Warm temperate
Highland
Polar (ice)
Cold ocean current
Dry
Major upwelling zones
Subarctic (snow)
Fig. 6.4, p. 124
River
Tropical
Cool temperate
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Wind
Movement of surface water
Diving birds
Fish
Upwelling
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
Nutrients
Fig. 6.9, p. 126
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El Nino is the Nino in Spanish.

• El Nino Southern Oscillation in the Pacific Ocean
  - change in climate patterns
• Normal upwellings of cold, nutrient rich water
  cease dues to weak westerly winds
• Can trigger extreme weather conditions
• La Nina is the cooling counterpart is typically
  worse

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Surface winds blow westward
EQUATOR
SOUTH AMERICA
Warm waters pushed westward
AUSTRALIA
Warm water
Thermocline
Cold water
Normal Conditions
Fig. 6.10a, p. 127
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Winds weaken, causing updrafts and storms
Drought in Australia and Southeast Asia
EQUATOR
Warm water flow stopped or reversed
SOUTH AMERICA
AUSTRALIA
Warm water deepens off South America
Warm water
Thermocline
Cold water
El Niño Conditions
Fig. 6.10b, p. 127
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El Niño
Drought
Unusually high rainfall
Unusually warm periods
Fig. 6.11, p. 127
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Topography Earths surface

• Mountains create rain shadows on leeward side
• Vegetation makes winter warmer
• Sea breeze - cool air flows on shore
• Land breeze - cool air flows to water
• Cities with brick, concrete, asphalt absorb
  hold heat

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a Winds carry moisture inland from Pacific Ocean
b Clouds, rain on windward side of mountain range
c Rain shadow on leeward side of mountain range
4,000/75
3,000/85
2,000/25
1,800/125
1,000/25
Moist habitats
1,000/85
15/25
Fig. 6.14, p. 129
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Cool air descends
Warm air ascends
Land warmer than sea breeze flows onshore
Fig. 6.15a, p. 130
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Cool air descends
Warm air ascends
Land cooler than sea breeze flows offshore
Fig. 6.15b, p. 130
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Biomes

• Why does the world look so different?

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Tropic of Cancer
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Semidesert, arid grassland
Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)
Desert
Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen
coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous
forest)
Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest
Mountains (complex zonation)
Temperate deciduous forest
Tropical deciduous forest
Ice
Temperate grassland
Tropical scrub forest
Fig. 6.16, p. 131
Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral)
Tropical savanna, thorn forest
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Polar
Subpolar
Temperate
Desert
Tropical
Desert
Fig. 6.17, p. 132
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Low
Alpine Tundra
Montane Coniferous Forest
Elevation
Deciduous Forest
Tropical Forest
High
Tropical Forest
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Northern Coniferous Forest
Arctic Tundra
Low
High
Moisture Availability
Fig. 6.18, p. 133
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Because of different climates.

• Vegetation is affected by precipitation
  temperature
• Plants have traits that are adapted to this
• Latitude - distance from equator
• Warmer near equator
• Altitude - elevation above sea level
• Colder with elevation
• Areas with similar climates have similar, but
  unrelated vegetation

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Types of Biomes

• Desert - tropical, temperate, polar
• Low precipitation, hot summers, cold winters
• Tropical Grasslands Savannas
• High average T, dry season, abundant rain
• Temperate Grasslands - prairies, pampas, veldts,
  steppes
• Bitterly cold winters, hot summers, uneven
  precipitation, occasional fires
• Artic Tundra (Polar Grasslands)
• Cold windy, long dark winters, ice snow
  covered
• Alpine Tundra
• More sun, on mountains

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• Chaparral (Temperate Shrubland)
• Mild winters, long hot summers, periodic fires
• Tropical Rain Forest
• Warm annual temperature, high humidity, heavy
  rainfall, canopy covers
• Tropical Deciduous Forest
• Warm year round, monsoon season, dry season
• Temperate Deciduous forest
• Long, warm summers cold winters, abundant ppt
• Temperate Rain Forest
• Coastal, ample rainfall, evergreens
• Evergreen Coniferous Forest (boreal/taiga)
• Long, dry, cold winters short, mild summers,
  near coastal areas

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Red-tailed hawk
Producer to primary consumer
Gambel's quail
Primary to secondary consumer
Yucca
Jack rabbit
Collared lizard
Secondary to higher-level consumer
All producers and consumers to decomposers
Fungi
Fig. 6.20, p. 134
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Cape buffalo
Wildebeest
Beisa oryx
Topi
Warthog
Thompson's gazelle
Waterbuck
Grant's zebra
Dry Grassland
Moist Grassland
Fig. 6.22a, p. 138
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Giraffe
African elephant
Gerenuk
Black rhino
Dik-dik
East African eland
Blue duiker
Greater kudu
Bushbuck
Dry Thorn Scrub
Riverine Forest
Fig. 6.22b, p. 138
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Golden eagle
Producer to primary consumer
Primary to secondary consumer
Secondary to higher-level consumer
All producers and consumers to decomposers
Prairie dog
Bacteria
Fungi
Fig. 6.23, p. 139
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Long-tailed jaeger
Producer to primary consumer
Grizzly bear
Caribou
Primary to secondary consumer
Mosquito
Secondary to higher-level consumer
Arctic fox
Horned lark
All consumers and producers to decomposers
Lemming
Fig. 6.24, p. 140
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