Biogeography

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Biogeography
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Zoogeographic Regions
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All Latitudes Tropical
All Latitudes Tropical
Modern Day
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Cassowary
Ostrich
Rhea Tinamou
Emu
Elephant Bird
Kiwi Moa
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Penguins
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TropicalTrogons Barbets
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Boreal and Arctic Tits, Geese, Larks
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Quail Parrots
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The Distribution of Birds

• Biogeography explains vicariance on order of
  family level or higher
• No Pangea connection for modern birds

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The Distribution of Birds

• Gondwanaland / Laurasia
• May have affected two lineages in late Jurassic
  Cretaceous

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The Distribution of Birds

• Archaeopteryx
• Liaoningornis
• Isolated Oriental
• 1 ? Strong connection among southern continents
• 2 ? Strong connection among Holarctic

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Southern Connection

• Connects the older lineages
• Explains distributions of families/orders
• Ethiopian
• Neotropical
• Australasian

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Southern Connection

• Ratites (flightless)
• Penguins (flightless)
• Neotropics
• Antarctic
• Australasian
• Ethiopian

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The Distribution of Birds

• Hesperonis
• Ichthyornis
• Enantiornithes
• Ancient shorebird order, few others?
• Isolated Oriental

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Greenland Connection 65 MYA

• Tropical Connection
• Climate change shifts distributions
• Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental
• Family Level
• Trogons, Barbets

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Worldwide Lineages (flying)
NOT
QUAIL
PARROTS
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Worldwide Lineages (flying)Highest diversity
among southern connection

• Psittaciformes (Parrots)
• Columbiformes (Pigeons)
• Galliformes (Pheasants Quail)
• Cuculiformes (Cuckoos)

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Bering Connection (recent)

• Originally Boreal
• Currently Tundra
• No holarctic connection for temperate biomes
• Lots of genus (boreal) and species (tundra) shared

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Holarctic Connections
Boreal / Tundra Bering Connection
Tropical Greenland Connection

• Many Temperate Connections Due to Convergence
• All Similarities in Passerines

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Panama Connection 6 MYA

• Genus level
• Warm Species
• Both Directions
• Latitudinal vs. Longitudinal dispersion

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Borneo Connection last 15 MY

• Wallaces Line
• One-way Movement
• Monarch Flycatchers
• Bee-eaters

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Temperate Convergence
Eastern Meadowlark
Yellow-throated Longclaws
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Temperate Convergence
African Black-headed Oriole
African Golden Oriole
Orchard Oriole
Black-crimson Oriole
Audubons Oriole
Altamira Oriole
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Tropical Convergence
Bee-eater
Jacamar
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Tropical Convergence
Hornbill
Toucan
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Tropical Convergence
Sunbird
Hummingbird
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Current Diversity

• Australia
• High for Size
• Isolated 50 15 MYA
• Passerine radiation
• Indian (Oriental)
• 150 45 MYA
• Few endemics
• S. America
• Highest diversity
• 65 6 MYA
• Much vicariance

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Current Diversity

• Africa
• Ineffective Barriers with Palearctic and
  Oriental
• Similar fauna in arid regions(especially) and
  tropics
• Less vicariant events
• Palearctic / Nearctic
• Size determines
• Temperate speciesendemism

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Worldwide Distribution

• Waterbirds
• Gulls
• Shorebirds
• Seabirds
• Rails
• Herons
• Ducks

• Mobile Landbirds
• Hawks
• Owls
• Swallows
• Swifts