Towards an Efficient Water Management for a Sustainable Development of Water Resources in Egypt

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Towards an Efficient Water Management for a
Sustainable Development of Water Resources in
Egypt
User-Producer Conference Water Accounting for
Integrated Water Resource Management May 22 24,
2006 (Voorburg, the Netherlands)
Arab Republic of Egypt (ARE) Ministry of Water
Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) Integrated
Irrigation Improvement Management
Procurement Specialist, PMU-IIIMP-MWRI Ph.D.
Candidate, Civil Engineering, Irrigation
Hydraulics
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• Main Pillars and Deriving forces!
• Why IWRM?!

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Current and Future Water Resources Availability
Demand

• Agriculture (84.5)

Dinking (6)
Industry (9.5)
Nile Water 55.5 57.5 -
Resources
Rains and Floods 1.0 1.5
GW (DesertsSinai) 1.0 - 3.5
GW (ValleyDelta) 6.5 8.0
Current (BCM) Future 2017
Agr. Dr. Reuse 5.0 - 8.5
Wastewater 0.7 - 2.0
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• Opportunities and Major Tasks!

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• Needs Assessments for Sustainable Use

Accommodation!
Requirements?
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• IWRM Action Plan

• Empowering water users for participation in the
  planning and implementation process

• Facilitating greater private sector investments
  in irrigation and drainage infrastructure

• Redefining the role of public agencies through
  Integrated Irrigation Management.

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Current Setting of MWRI Institutions
(Fragmentized)
Nile
Regions
Main canal
Top-down interactions Limited cross-sectoral
coordination Limited integrated planning
management
Several BCs
BCs/Meskas
Farmers / Water Users
F / WUs
Marwas/Plots
F / WUs
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Approached Setting of MWRI Institutions
(Integrated)
Top
SUBSIDIARITY PARTNERSHIPS INTEGRATED
PLANNING MANAGEMENT
Central Government
Nile
Main canal
Up
Several BCs
BC
Down
Meska
Farmers /WUs
Marwas/Plots
Bottom
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• MWRIs Endeavors Towards IWRM

• Endeavors

• Introduction of (PIM) approach Water Boards
  Project (WBP),

• Introduction of Irrigation Improvement Projects
  (IIPs)

• Introduction of Pump Stations Rehabilitation
  Projects (PSRPs)

• Introduction of National Drainage Projects
  (NDPs)

• Introduction of Agricultural Policy Reform
  Project (APRP)

• Life Integrated Water Resources Management
  Project (LIFE)

• Last, but not least introduction of a new
  approach to Integrated Irrigation Improvement and
  Management Project (IIIMP).

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• IIIMP Phase I (in Nile Delta)

• Target groups
• MWRI Staff and Institutions, Rural poor in Nile
  Delta, other Stackholders

• Objectives

• Ensure sustainable optimum use of water and land
  resources throughout strengthening the
  decentralization of decision making and users
  participation in planning, operation and
  maintenance activities

• Increase the economic return in the project
  command areas by optimizing the use of available
  resources and improved infrastructures

• Broaden the saving in irrigation cost and
  controlling the water use for other purposes

• Increase the agriculture productivity, hence,
  increasing the farmers income and improving the
  quality of life in the rural communities

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• IIIMP Command Areas

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• Component 1 Improved and Integrated Water
  Management

• Ensure availability of proper technical
  structures and procedures to support a
  sustainable optimization of water resource use.

• Improve the water delivery to water users
  through Irrigation and drainage networks as well
  as pumping stations system upgrading and
  rehabilitation.

• Improve the operational and maintenance
  procedures as critical requirements to ensure the
  cost-effectiveness and sustainability of the
  investments.

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• Component 2 Institutional Development and
  Capacity Building

• Empower water users through organizations that
  allow them to solve their internal disputes,
  assess their needs and priorities and consolidate
  them so that they can more easily be taken into

• Simultaneously, a transfer of responsibilities
  can be considered so as to let water users deal
  with local issues and let managers focus on
  higher scale issues.

• This process combines empowerment and
  responsabilization of water users they are no
  longer beneficiaries or recipients but actors
  within a process

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• Component 3 Project Management, Coordination
  and Integration

• Regulatory Framework Integrated cooperative
  managerial schemes to be set up among MWRI
  entities and other pertinent agencies.

• Cross-sectoral coordination ensures appropriate
  technical, social, environmental, and economic
  conditions, Limits duplication and contradiction
  among various agencies.

• Decentralization proper regulatory and policy
  framework in order to guide local decision-makers
  at most lowest appropriate level.

• Participation involvement of water users
  whose needs and priorities have to be properly
  identified and addressed for effective results.
  can significantly improve management practices
  and reduce costs.

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• Component 4 Environmental Mainstreaming

• Looks into the environmental impacts of the
  project. The objective is to identify and
  mitigate those while also looking at how the
  project can contribute to improving environmental
  conditions in general (and notably water quality
  issues).

• The overall environmental impact of the IIIMP is
  expected to be positive, leading to improved land
  and water management.

• environmental management plan (EMP) to be
  addressed main environmental issues and
  significant impacts i. the uncontrolled
  discharge of sewage into irrigation and drainage
  systems, with corresponding impacts on public
  health, ii. the improper disposal of solid wastes
  into irrigation and drainage canals.

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• Component 5 On-Farm Water Management

Objective Improved Water Use Consideration is
to be given to development implementation of
comprehensive pilot on-farm integrated water
management and agricultural programs, aimed at
providing farmers with relevant and practical
demonstrations of better practices to maximize
benefits resulting from introduction of improved
operational flow regimes and other system
improvements
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• Proposed techniques of on-farm development

1. Technology Transfer Introduction of improved
   irrigation and agronomic technologies to farmers
   aiming at reducing water losses, irrigating more
   uniformly, thus increasing yields returns
2. Marketing Provision of market information to
   farmers to maximize returns (e.g. more informed
   crop selection, shift to higher value crops)
3. Contribution to adoption of irrigation
   improvement Assisting in implementation of
   irrigation improvement program by contributing to
   farmers awareness about benefits of irrigation
   improvement

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• Water allocation Mechanisms and Methodologies

• Water Allocation Procedures at National Level

• Along Nile Valley and Main Canals System
• Information needs assessments
• - Cropping Pattern in different areas
• - Climatic conditions and
• - Expected water demands.

August Hydrological yearly allocation plan
August-September Planned releases from HAD to
reach Delta (10 days), when filled with yearly
floods
September-October National yearly allocation Plan
National yearly allocation Plan to be adjusted
during implementation through information (crop
Patterndemand/15 days)
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• Allocation to each main canal (mostly allocates a
  proportional distribution to each main command
  area).

Considering - Climate - Secondary
sources 1- drainage re-use 2- GW
Modernization of the National Allocation yearly
plan through Computerized system Matching
Supply and Demand Program The so
called, (MISD) Two seasons in the cropping
cycle Summer season May to August-September Win
ter season September-October to April
Winter Quota/CA 10 m3/fed/day
Summer Quota/CA 40 m3/fed/day
Yearly average quota 30 m3/fed/day
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• ME Model of IWMD

Two-category Indicators
Implementation Indicators
Outcome Indicators
IWMD Established
Quality of Irrigation Service
Data-based Management
Equity of Water Distribution
BCWUAs Participating
Value of Agricultural output
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1 Quality of Irrigation Service

• Baseline values will assess future changes in
  pilot IWMD

• Project-wide baseline values are a data
  availability dependent

1.1 Number of Complaints
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1.2Actual and Target District Inflows

• District Target Water Allocation is provided
  each 15-daily period during the irrigation year
  (semi-monthly).

• Inflow and outflow structures are to be
  calibrated for computing the actual flow
  delivered to the district

• Ratio of actual and target allocation values are
  to be determined in both summer and winter
  seasons.

• Share of No. of 15-daily periods for which
  supply matched target within 10 is to be
  computed.

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1.3Farmers Satisfaction

• Client satisfaction surveys should provide
  information on farmer satisfaction in both summer
  and winter seasons. (survey shows that 72 and 94
  of farmers are satisfied in Summer and Winter
  respectively, hence, efficient water management.

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1.4Rotations

• Rotating irrigation service among branch canals
  is one of the most important tools managers have,
  of allocating available water.

• Rotating irrigation service should be officially
  set up.

• the Main concern of IWMDs is to adjust and
  customize rotations as they attempt to save water
  and improve the quality of irrigation service to
  farmer.

• Degree of correspondence between planned and
  actual rotation patterns require better data
  before they can be computed.

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2 Equity of Water Distribution
Relative Water Supply among IWMDS
Not responding, due to the unavailability of data
Group 1 Easy to supply with water
Equity among Branch Canals (Equity Index)
Group 2 Moderate to supply with Water
3 Equal groups
Group 3 Difficult to supply with water
ESI Satisfaction in head (upper-third)/satisfact
ion in tail (lower-third)
Equity along Branch Canals (ESI)
BCWUAs assume increased responsibility for WD
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3 Value of Agricultural Output
It is subjected to many influences beyond the
quality of irrigation service
In Summer LE 4.441 / Fed
In Winter LE 3.803 / Fed
Output per Unit Land
They may not be very sensitive to changes in
quality of irrigation service. They should be
examined at a large scale.
Outcomes of the Investments
Output per Unit Water
In Summer LE 0.57 3.34 / CM
In Winter LE 0.25 2.76 / CM
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Rationalization IWMD Model can achieve!
Subsidiarity (vertical integration)
decision-taking at lowest possible level -
framework, procedures enforcing them -
expertise/technical support/implementation
capacity
Geographic integration (horizontal integration)
hydrological boundaries
OM integration regrouping of all ID and WRM
responsibilities
Planning implementation integration IWMD
focal point/partner for all PI activities
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• Achievements

BENEFICIARY OUTCOMES
Irrigation Sector   Water saving of about 830 MCM/Year. Possibility of using the saved water with a value of 5500 CM/fed/year for cultivating about 145000 fed of high-cash crops.
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BENEFICIARY OUTCOMES
Irrigation Improvement and Agriculture Sector Operation cost will be reduced to about 50 together with improving the water management at secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels as a result of pump electrification. Increase the efficiency of field irrigation from 45 to 60 which means saving in irrigation water (500 MCM/year). Add new agriculture land as a result of changing from open meska system improvement to a buried pipeline ones (achieve an annual return of about (US1350/fed/year). Increase the main conventional summer and winter crops by about 12 as a result of the continuous flow application which insures a daily continual water demand per fed of about 30 CM/fed/day.
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BENEFICIARY OUTCOMES
Drainage Sector Improve the drainage conditions as a result of introducing modified drainage system at field level. This will improve the crop pattern other than rice which are cultivated beside rice (expected increase in cotton price US110/fed) achieving an incremental of the annual return of about MUS 8). Saving a water volume of about 2500CM/fed/season in case of cultivating the short-period life-time span rice. (in case of cultivating 50 of the improved 103,000 fed with this kind of rice, the water saving will be 125 to 130 MCM/rice season.
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BENEFICIARY OUTCOMES
Users Organization Undertaking the responsibilities of OM at tertiary level by WUAs will result in saving their cost which was evaluated as US 2.5/fed. Expected saving /year MUS0.5/year). Reduce the violations of rice cultivation.
Environment sector Reduction in the deteriorated value of agriculture land (form US90 to US45/fed/year) as a result of water quality improvement to be maintained with the project implementation. World Bank 2004, (agriculture land degradation due to ve environmental impact resulting from deteriorated water quality is count to 1 of the overall GDP).
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