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Title: Exercise and Your Health


1
Exercise and Your Health
  • Pennington Biomedical Research Center
  • Division of Education

2
First, well need to define some terms
  • 1. Homeostasis This refers to the ability
    or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain
    internal equilibrium by adjusting its
    physiological processes. Once a weight loss or
    desired weight is achieved, this is what you
    want. This is what your body strives for at all
    times.
  • 2. Energy Expenditure The act or process of
    using up energy. This is one component that must
    be considered when striving to achieve
    homeostasis.
  • 3. Thermogenesis Generation or production
    of heat, especially by physiological processes.
    This is one of three components to energy
    expenditure.

3
First, well need to define some terms
  • 4. Basal Metabolism The minimal amount of
    energy required to maintain vital functions in an
    organism at complete rest. This is measured by
    the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in a fasting
    individual who is resting in a warm and
    comfortable environment.
  • 5. Satiety The condition of being full or
    gratified beyond the point of satisfaction. Often
    times, we ignore this feeling or fail to notice
    it when eating.
  • 6. Hunger Refers to a strong desire or
    need for food. It is the discomfort, weakness,
    or pain caused by a prolonged lack of food. It is
    not the same as appetite, or craving foods.

4
Energy ExpenditureComponents
  • Made up of three dominant components
  • Basal metabolism
  • Thermogenesis
  • Physical activity
  • Thermogenesis includes the dietary-induced and
    thermoregulatory components
  • Only physical activity has a substantial element
    of voluntary control.

5
Energy Intake
  • Energy intake, on the other hand, is entirely
    voluntary, except in clinical conditions.
  • Therefore, the modifiable aspects of the energy
    balance equation amount to just two variables
  • Physical activity
  • Food intake

6
The Two Sides to Over Eating
Over Eating Driven by the agricultural revolution
Under Activity Driven by the technological
revolution
Inactivity, combined with overeating appear to be
the largest contributors to the
obesity epidemic. When energy intake (energy in)
and physical activity (energy burned) are at
balance with one another, the body is at
homeostasis. There is no weight loss,
and there is no weight gain. Weight is
simply maintained where it is.
This is the ideal situation,
provided the individual is at a healthy weight.
7
Set Point Theory Body homeostasis
  • Previous animal experiments indicate that there
    is a set point of body weight that is correctly
    defended under most conditions.
  • Studies have demonstrated that there are natural
    feedback systems capable of regulating energy
    homeostasis with great precision in animals.
  • The same is true for humans. The body wants there
    to be a balance between energy intake and
    expenditure.

8
Overview of Energy Balance
  • When energy intake is greater than energy
    expenditure, there is a net weight gain
  • Energy intake gt Energy expenditure weight gain
  • When energy intake is less than energy
    expenditure, there is a net weight loss
  • Energy intake lt Energy Expenditure weight loss
  • When energy intake and energy expenditure are at
    equilibrium with one another, weight is
    maintained
  • Energy intake Energy Expenditure weight
    maintenance

The Energy Balance
Output
Intake
Calories Used During Physical Activity
Calories From Foods
To lose weight, an energy imbalance
eliciting an energy deficit is required.
This can be done through dieting,
exercising, or a combination of both.
9
Set Point Theory Body homeostasis
  • However, these feedback loops have been shown to
    only function appropriately within the settings
    in which they were originally developed. They
    have been shown to be easily disrupted by changes
    in the external environment, such as inactivity
    and the over consumption of energy-dense foods.
  • In experimental animals, research shows that
    their ability to regulate energy balance was
    impaired once their movement was restricted and
    they were forced to become physically inactive.
  • In addition, when their low-fat laboratory chow
    was replaced by a cafeteria diet with
    energy-dense and highly palatable foods, extreme
    obesity with massive fat deposition was the
    outcome.

10
Set Point Theory Body homeostasis
  • Similar outcomes have been noted in experiments
    involving humans where normal lean volunteers
    were asked to eat a diet prepared for them at the
    amount that they would normally consume per meal.
  • These individuals were unaware that the fat
    content (and hence energy density) of the diets
    differed between each of the three dietary
    treatments.
  • Energy balances were shown to be strongly
    influenced by the energy densities of the diets.
    This was believed to be due to a physiologic
    failure to recognize that the energy content of
    the diets differed and so, appetite or energy
    expenditure was not modified accordingly.

11
ImbalancesPhysical Activity and Food Intake
  • A survival imperative common to all mammals is
  • The ability to maintain the bodys energy
    reserves in the form of hepatic (liver) and
    muscle glycogen, together with at least a limited
    supply of fat
  • These energy reserves are necessary to support
    basic physiologic and immune functions, and to
    mount fight or flight responses.
  • Because of these essential needs, hunger is
    believed to have evolved to be a strong
    physiologic drive made up by robust
    neuro-endocrine mechanisms, which are protected
    by multiple levels of redundancy.
  • The same is true for humans.

12
ImbalancesPhysical Activity and Food Intake
  • Due to recurrent periods of food shortage and
    famine throughout time, it is believed that
    evolutionary pressures led to the ability for fat
    storage to well exceed that which is needed for
    day-to-day survival in humans.
  • As a result, there has never been the imperative
    to develop strong satiety mechanisms.
  • This imbalance between effectiveness of hunger
    and satiety signals is believed to lead to an
    asymmetry in appetite control. This could
    possibly explain why current lifestyles create
    such a high level of susceptibility to obesity in
    most individuals.

13
ImbalancesPhysical Activity and Food Intake
  • Because of this imbalance, many individuals have
    to learn to adopt cognitive dietary restraints in
    place of their natural physiologic regulatory
    system in order to maintain leanness.
  • With the previous evidence in mind, this provides
    further support on the importance of exercise in
    aiding in body weight regulation.

14
ImbalancesPhysical Activity and Food Intake
  • Consequences of this asymmetry in appetite
    control are believed to be further confounded by
    marketing trends towards larger portion sizes and
    increased energy density of foods, each of which
    opposes the need of adapting a lower calorie
    intake in a progressively more sedentary world.

15
The Importance of Exercise
  • There are a number of published studies
    indicating that physical activity benefits stable
    weight maintenance, especially after a weight
    loss.
  • The real benefit is not particularly during the
    weight loss itself, although it does contribute
    to the weight loss when combined with a dietary
    restriction, but more so in maintaining the
    weight loss once it is achieved.

16
The Importance of Exercise
  • The importance of exercise in aiding in weight
    maintenance is due to reasons discussed
    previously with respect to the asymmetry in
    appetite control, but is also due to the
    physiological effects of exercise in enhancing
    well-being and status of control, and hence
    compliance with a restrictive dietary regime.
  • It is important to remember that there are many
    additional benefits of exercise. The benefits of
    exercise are not limited to just those previously
    discussed.

17
The Importance of Exercise
It is beneficial in that it
  • Reduces your risk of heart disease, high blood
    pressure, osteoporosis, diabetes, and obesity
  • Reduces both total blood cholesterol and
    triglycerides and increases high-density
    lipoproteins, known as the good cholesterol.
  • Reduces your risk for having a second heart
    attack
  • Reduces your risk of developing colon cancer.
  • Contributes to mental well-being and helps to
    treat depression
  • Helps relieve stress and anxiety
  • Increases your energy and endurance

18
The Importance of Exercise
It is beneficial in that it
  • Helps you maintain a normal weight by increasing
    your metabolism.(the rate in which your burn
    calories)
  • Helps you sleep better.
  • Keeps joints, tendons, and ligaments flexible so
    its easier to move around.
  • Reduces some of the effects of aging.
  • Helps older adults become stronger and better
    able to move about without falling or becoming
    excessively fatigued.

19
Physical Activity Coronary Heart Disease
  • A major, underlying risk factor for coronary
    heart disease is inactivity.
  • In a study published in JAMA, men, who were
    initially unfit and became fit, were found to
    have a 52 lower age-adjusted risk of
    cardiovascular disease mortality than their peers
    who remained unfit.
  • Regular physical activity has been shown to
    impact blood pressure beneficially.
  • One study found that for every 26.3 men who
    walked more than 20 minutes to work, one case of
    hypertension would be prevented.

20
Physical Activity Coronary Heart Disease
  • It is important to note that these acute effects
    of exercise on blood pressure lowering do not
    require vigorous efforts. They can be achieved at
    40 of maximal capacity during exercise.
  • Blood lipids play a major role in the development
    of atherosclerosis, which is the underlying cause
    of coronary heart disease.
  • Moderate to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise
    training has been shown to improve the blood
    lipid profiles of individuals.
  • The most commonly observed changes have been
    increases in High density lipoprotein cholesterol
    (HDL), with reductions in total blood
    cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
    (LDL), and triglycerides.

21
Physical Activity and Type 2 Diabetes
  • Physical activity is associated with
  • A reduced risk of type 2 diabetes
  • Improved insulin sensitivity
  • Glucose homeostasis
  • From participating in physical activity 30
    minutes/day, overweight subjects were able to
    reduce their risk of getting type 2 diabetes by
    58 in a recent study.
  • Physical inactivity has been shown to elevate the
    risk of developing type 2 diabetes in
    normal-weight individuals as well.

22
Physical Activity Overweight/Obesity
  • Physical activity appears to be an important
    component in weight stability for healthy
    individuals.
  • In a recent study looking at the effects of
    physical activity on body composition in 3,853
    healthy subjects between the ages of 15 and 64,
    it was concluded that physical activity is able
    to limit both fat mass and weight gain in men and
    women.
  • Many studies are in agreement with one another
    when stating that exercise diet lead to greater
    weight losses than just diet-alone.
  • In a review of 11 studies looking at the
    influence of both exercise and diet on weight
    loss, the average weight loss of the diet-only
    group was shown to be 6.7 kg whereas, the
    average weight loss of the diet exercise group
    was 8.5 kg.

23
Physical Activity Overweight/Obesity
  • Weight loss is not only achieved, but is also
    maintained through physical activity.
  • In 2001, a study was conducted on 3000 previously
    obese subjects, who reported a weight loss of 30
    kg, on average, which was additionally maintained
    for an average of 5.5 years.
  • When looking at those who did not continue to
    participate in physical activity, it was found
    that only 9 of these participants were able to
    maintain their weight loss in the absence of
    physical activity.

This further supports the importance of exercise
in the prevention of weight regain.
24
Physical Activity Overweight/Obesity
  • The optimal amount of weekly exercise necessary
    to prevent weight gain is still a topic under
    much debate.
  • The current recommendations include, at a
    minimum, 150 minutes/wk of moderate-intensity
    exercise, or 30 minutes a day on most days of
    the week (5 or more).
  • This should be the initial targeted amount of
    exercise each week

25
Physical Activity and Appetite Control
  • Physical activity has the potential to adjust
    appetite control by
  • Improving the sensitivity of the physiological
    satiety signaling system
  • Adjusting macronutrient preferences or food
    choices
  • Altering the hedonic (pleasurable) response to
    food
  • There exists a belief that physical activity
    drives up hunger and increases food intake,
    thereby rendering it useless as a means of weight
    control.
  • In a recent study, researchers set out to examine
    this very idea.

26
Physical Activity and Appetite Control
Recent Findings
  • Short term (1-2 day) and medium term (7-16 day)
    studies demonstrated that men and women can
    tolerate substantial negative energy balances
    when performing physical activity programs.
  • The immediate effect of taking up exercise is
    weight loss.
  • This isn't always easy to assess however, due to
    changes in body composition or fluid
    compartmentalization that arise.
  • Once around 30 of energy is expended in
    activity, food intake then begins to increase in
    order to provide compensation for this loss.
  • This compensation (up to 16 days) is partial and
    incomplete.

27
Physical Activity and Appetite Control
Recent Findings
  • Subjects have been separated into compensator and
    non-compensator groups.
  • The exact nature of the differences noted in
    these 2 groups has yet to be determined.
  • Some subjects performing a set routine of
    activities for a 14 day period showed no
    differences in energy intake.
  • More studies are needed to further classify
    individuals who are compensators versus
    non-compensators and to identify the mechanisms
    responsible for the rates of compensation and its
    limits.

28
Physical Activity and Osteopenia
  • Everyday physical activity has a positive effect
    on skeletal mass.
  • It has been suggested that electrical currents
    are developed when bone is mechanically stressed,
    leading to the formation of new bone.
  • When comparing whole body, leg, and trunk body
    mineral densities in women who walk 7.5
    miles/week versus those who walk 1 mile per week
    or less, women in the group with the most
    distance were shown to have significant increases
    in bone density.

Normal bone Osteoporotic bone
29
Physical Activity and Sarcopenia
  • Sarcopenia can be defined as the age-related loss
    of muscle mass, strength, and function.
  • Physically active subjects aged over 65 years
    have a significantly higher level of lean tissue
    mass than sedentary participants.
  • It has also been shown that healthy older people
    can safely tolerate higher intensity strength
    training with improvements comparable with those
    seen in younger persons.

30
Physical Activity Psychological Disorders
  • Physical activity is associated with elevations
    in mood states and heightened psychological
    well-being.
  • On the other hand, inactive persons have been
    shown to be 1.5 times more likely to become
    depressed than those who maintain an active
    lifestyle.
  • Physical activity is believed to be protective
    against the development of Alzheimers disease.
  • This is believed to be due to increased blood
    flow, which may in turn promote nerve cell
    growth.
  • It has been suggested that people who are
    intellectually and physically inactive have a
    250 better risk of developing the disease.

31
The Truth on Exercise
  • The bad news is that people still are not getting
    enough exercise.
  • This map specifically looks at physical activity
    trends in women and finds that only 4 in 10 women
    are engaging in the recommended levels of
    activity.
  • Activity has been shown to generally decrease
    with age, and is less common among women than in
    men and among those with lower income and less
    education.

Source CDC. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System, 2001. Photo from http//womenshealth.gov

32
Inactivity
  • Inactivity leads to a loss of muscle, to obesity,
    and to reduced functional ability.
  • Low physical fitness increases the risk for
    cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and some
    cancers.
  • Individuals who are physically fit can do more
    things, have better endurance for activities and
    tasks, and are healthier than individuals with
    low fitness.
  • Even small increases in physical activity can
    make a big difference to an individuals health.
  • Try to incorporate small changes into your daily
    activities. This, in time, will gradually improve
    your fitness, leading to a better you.

33
Physical Activity and Physical Fitness
Whats the difference?
  • Physical activity is defined as any bodily
    movement produced by skeletal muscles that
    results in an expenditure of energy.
  • Exercise is defined as a subset of physical
    activity that is planned, structured, repetitive,
    and purposeful.
  • Physical fitness is a measure of ones ability to
    perform physical activities that require
    endurance, strength, or flexibility, and is
    determined by a combination of regular activity
    and genetically inherited ability.
  • Simply put, fitness is good, but physical
    activity is a must!

34
Types of Exercise
Aerobic, anaerobic, and resistance
  • Aerobic exercise is exercise that involves large
    muscle groups (arms and legs) in dynamic
    activities that result in substantial increases
    in heart rate and energy expenditure.
  • Anaerobic exercise is exercise done at very high
    intensities such that a large portion of the
    energy is provided by glycolysis and stored
    phosphocreatine. These activities build and tone
    muscles, but are not as beneficial to the heart
    and lungs as aerobic activities are.
  • Resistance exercise is exercise designed
    specifically to increase muscular strength,
    power, and endurance by varying the resistance,
    the number of time the resistance is moved in a
    single group (set) of exercise, the number of
    sets done, and the rest interval provided between
    sets.

Anaerobic
Aerobic
Resistance
35
Examples
  • Anaerobic
  • Baseball
  • Sprinting
  • Tennis
  • Weightlifting
  • Leg lifts
  • Arm circles
  • Curl-ups
  • Dusting
  • Doing laundry
  • Washing windows
  • Aerobic
  • Brisk walking
  • Dancing
  • Jogging
  • Bicycling
  • Skating
  • Swimming
  • Snow shoveling
  • Lawn mowing
  • Leaf raking
  • Vacuuming

36
Physical Activity for Everyone
  • Everyone can benefit in some way by regular
    physical activity. Whether you are trying to
    maintain a weight loss or just feel more
    energetic when you incorporate exercise into your
    daily activities. There are also the benefits
    later in life from exercising. These include
    reductions in the risk of developing chronic
    diseases and overall improvements in your quality
    of life.

37
Who Benefits and How?
  • Older adults No one is too old to enjoy the
    benefits from regular physical activity. Evidence
    indicates that muscle-strengthening exercises can
    work to reduce the risk of falling and fracturing
    bones, and can improve the ability to live
    independently.
  • Parents and children Parents can help their
    children maintain a physically active lifestyle
    by providing them with encouragement and
    opportunities for exercise. Outings and family
    events are encouraged, particularly when everyone
    in the family is involved.

Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC)
38
Who Benefits and How?
  • Teenagers Regular physical activity improves
    strength, builds lean muscle, and decreases body
    fat. Activity can build stronger bones to last a
    lifetime.
  • People trying to manage their weight
    Regular physical activity
    helps to burn calories while preserving lean
    muscle mass. Regular physical activity is an
    important component to any weight-loss or
    weight-maintenance activity.
  • People with high blood pressure
    Regular physical activity
    helps to lower blood pressure.

Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC)
39
Who Benefits and How?
  • People with physical disabilities, including
    arthritis
  • Regular physical activity for individuals
    with chronic, disabling conditions is important
    because it can help improve their stamina and
    muscle strength. It can also improve the quality
    of life by improving the individuals ability to
    perform daily activities.
  • Everyone under stress, including persons
    experiencing anxiety or depression
  • Regular physical activity has been shown
    to improve ones mood, help relieve depression,
    and increase feelings of well-being.

Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC)
40
Getting Started
  • You will first want to begin by speaking with
    your doctor.
  • This is particularly important if you
  • Are elderly
  • Currently smoke
  • Have any health problems
  • Are overweight or obese
  • Have not been active in a while
  • Are currently pregnant
  • Are unsure of your health status
  • Feel pain in your chest, joints or muscles during
    activity
  • When it is okay to begin, you want to start out
    slowly. A good suggestion could be to begin with
    a 10-minute period of light exercise or a brisk
    walk every day. You can then gradually increase
    how hard you exercise for and how long.

41
Ways to Improve Your Health
  • Walking or jogging
  • Swimming
  • Bicycle riding
  • Group exercises
  • Weight-bearing exercise, such as weight lifting,
    resistance bands, or activities involving the
    whole body
  • Stretching, such as yoga or tai chi exercises
  • Participation in active sports, such as tennis,
    basketball, and soccer

42
Ways to Add Activity to Your Day
  • Park the car in the furthest spot from the
    entrance and walk the extra distance
  • Get off of the bus one stop before your
    destination and walk
  • Take the stairs instead of the elevator
  • Take walking breaks during the work day
  • Take a 10-minute walk during your lunch break
  • Walk a dog or play outside with the kids
  • Dance to your favorite music
  • Use housecleaning as an exercise opportunity
  • Ask a friend, family member, or coworker to walk
    with you

43
Physical Activity Calorie Use Chart
Activity 100 lb 150 lb 200 lb
Bicycling, 6 mph 160 240 312
Bicycling, 12 mph 270 410 534
Jogging, 7 mph 610 920 1230
Jumping rope 500 750 1000
Running, 5.5 mph 440 660 962
Running, 10 mph 850 1280 1664
Swimming, 25 yds/min 185 275 358
Swimming, 50 yds/min 325 500 650
Tennis singles 265 400 535
Walking, 2 mph 160 240 312
Walking, 3 mph 210 320 416
Walking, 4.5 mph 295 440 572
The chart shows the approximate calories spent
per hour by a 100, 150 and 200 pound person doing
a particular activity
44
Adults should strive to meet either of the
following physical activity recommendations
  • Adults should engage in moderate-intensity
    physical activities for at least 30 minutes on 5
    or more days of the week (CDC/American College of
    Sports Medicine). This 30 minutes per day can be
    accumulated in bouts of 10 minutes throughout the
    day.
  • Adults should engage in vigorous-intensity
    physical activity 3 or more days per week for 20
    or more minutes per occasion (Healthy People
    2010)

Tip
While activity at a higher intensity or performed
longer does offer more
health benefits, this level of activity may not
be a realistic goal for everyone,
at least not to start with. Again, work your
way to this, slowly,
by setting realistic goals for each
week.
Or
45
Moderate Intensity Activity
Whats is it?
  • This is an activity which generally causes a
    slight, but noticeable increase in breathing and
    heart rate. It may also cause light sweating.
  • Some examples of moderate intensity activity
    include
  • Brisk walking
  • Swimming
  • Cycling
  • Dancing
  • Doubles Tennis

46
Sites
  • Exercise A Healthy Habit to Start and Keep.
    Available at http//www.familydoctor.org
  • Exercise When to check with your doctor first.
    Available at http//www.mayoclinic.com/print/exer
    cise/SM00059/METHODprint
  • Physical Activity. Available at
    http//womenshealth.gov/pub/steps/Physical20Activ
    ity.htm
  • Physical Activity Calorie Use Chart. Available
    at http//www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?i
    dentifier756
  • The Journal of the American Medical Association
    (JAMA). Available at http//www.jama.com
  • Physical Activity for Everyone The Importance of
    Physical activity. Available at
    http//www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/physical/importanc
    e/index.htm
  • General Physical Activities Defined By Level of
    Intensity. Available at http//www.cdc.gov/nccdph
    p/dnpa/physical/pdf/PA_Intensity_table_2_1.pdf
  • Sarcopenia The Mystery of Muscle Loss. Available
    at http//www.unm.edu/lkravitz/Article20folder/
    sarcopenia.html
  • Physical Activity and Weight Control. Available
    at http//win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/physical
    .htm
  • Aerobic or Anaerobic? Quick Activity. Available
    at http//www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?i
    dentifier3003065

47
Sites
  • Melzer K, Kayser B, Pichard C. Physical activity
    the health benefits outweigh the risks. Current
    Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care.
    2004 7 641-47.
  • Prentice A, Jebb S. Energy intake/physical
    activity interactions in the homeostasis of body
    weight regulation. Nutrition Reviews. 2004
    62(7) S98-S104.
  • Blundell JE, Stubbs RJ, Hughes DA, Whybrow S,
    King NA. Cross talk between physical activity and
    appetite control does physical activity
    stimulate appetite? Proceedings of the Nutrition
    Society. 2003 62 651-661.
  • Moore M. Interactions between physical activity
    and diet in the regulation of body weight.
    Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2000 59
    193-198.
  • Jakicic J, Otto A. Physical activity
    considerations for the treatment and prevention
    of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 32(suppl)
    226S-9S.

48
About Our Company
  • The Pennington Biomedical Research Center is a
    world-renowned nutrition research center.
  •  
  • Mission
  • To promote healthier lives through research and
    education in nutrition and preventive medicine.
  •  
  • The Pennington Center has several research areas,
    including
  •  
  • Clinical Obesity Research
  • Experimental Obesity
  • Functional Foods
  • Health and Performance Enhancement
  • Nutrition and Chronic Diseases
  • Nutrition and the Brain
  • Dementia, Alzheimers and healthy aging
  • Diet, exercise, weight loss and weight loss
    maintenance
  •  
  • The research fostered in these areas can have a
    profound impact on healthy living and on the
    prevention of common chronic diseases, such as
    heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and
    osteoporosis.
  •  
  • The Division of Education provides education and
    information to the scientific community and the
    public about research findings, training programs
    and research areas, and coordinates educational
    events for the public on various health issues.
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