Windows 2000 Performance and Tuning: An Update

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Windows 2000 Performance and Tuning An Update

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Windows 2000

• No major changes in the way the OS works!
• Many minor, incremental improvements
• Processor
• Memory
• File Cache
• I/O
• Networking

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Windows NT evolution new in Win2K
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Windows NT evolution new in Win2K
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Windows NT evolution new in Win2K
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Windows NT evolution new in Win2K
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Microsoft Management Console
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Windows 2000 System Monitor

• Most powerful, general-purpose tool bundled into
  Win2K by Microsoft
• real-time
• exceptions
• log data to a file
• can monitor machines remotely

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Win2K System Monitor
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Win2K System Monitor

• New in Windows 2000
• Font support
• Logging of individual Counters by instance name
• Graphing options for summary statistics
• Separate GUI and collector (service) apps
• Legend is now a grid (sizable column sort)
• y-axis can be labeled
• Some file management
• Multiple logging formats

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Win2K System Monitor

• Unchanged in Windows 2000
• Summary statistics still miscalculated
• Process that starts later cannot be selected
• no x-axis time scale
• No printer support
• etc.

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Processor performance monitoring
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Priority Queuing/Preemptive Scheduling

• Win32 API supports six Process Base priority
  levels (SetPriorityClass)
• Realtime Priority Level 24
• High Priority Level 13
• Above Normal Priority Level 10
• Normal Priority Level 8
• Below Normal Priority Level 6
• Idle Priority Level 4

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Windows 2000
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Priority Queuing/Preemptive Scheduling

• Win2K Tuning parameter
• Choose between the Workstation and Server default
  time slice

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Priority Queuing/Preemptive Scheduling

• Processor Time slice value the quantum

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Win32PrioritySeparation
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Intel Multiprocessing

• Win2K further re-engineered for multiprocessing
• Queued spin locks reduce bus contention
• NT 5.0 scalability may approximate 90 or better
• Pentium III features 133 MHz memory bus
  integrated L2 cache
• 16x and 32x multiprocessors planned

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Intel Architecture (IA-32)

• Pentium II,III, and IV remain backward compatible
  with Pentium Pro
• Improved multiprocessing
• Improved graphics processing
• MMX
• SIMD in Pentium III

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Intel 786 IA-64 architecture

• Itanium 800 MHz and higher
• .013 micron fabrication process
• EPIC Explicitly Parallel Instruction Execution
• Explicit parallelism
• Predication
• Speculation
• Massive Resources
• 10 GHz by 2010

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Virtual Memory Manager

• Windows 2000 - Address Windowing Extensions (AWE)
• Above 4 GB -
• Intel Pentium III, IV
• requires PSE36 Driver
• Real addresses only
• Addresses 4 GB not backed on paging files
• PTEs remain 32-bit

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Win64 Virtual Memory
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Virtual Memory Manager

• Memory allocation Counters
• Available Bytes
• Available KBytes
• Available MBytes
• Pool non-paged Bytes,
• Pool Paged Resident Bytes,
• System Cache Resident Bytes,
• System Code Resident Bytes,
• System Driver Resident Bytes

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Windows 2000 File cache

• 512 MB file cache, plus a 440 MB overflow area
• 960 MB total!

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Windows 2000 Cache Manager

• Sets the value of LargeSystemCache

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Win2K Cache Manager

• LargeSystemCache sets the System working set size
  to RAM 25

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Windows NT I/O Manager

• Layered driver model
• Conceptually, similar to the stack used in
  network processing
• Installable file systems
• supports both synchronous and asynchronous I/O

Win2K
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Disk performance monitoring

• Diskperf Win2K disk performance statistics
• Diskperf installed by default for Physical disk
  monitoring
• diskperf -yd
• Still requires a system restart to enable Logical
  Disk statistics (including Free Space)
• diskperf -yv
• Instance names shows physical volumes included in
  a software RAID stripe set

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Disk performance monitoring
If no requests outstanding, set Idle Time clock,
T2
Idle Time T1 - T2

• Idle time accumulates in diskperf when there are
  no outstanding requests!

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Disk performance monitoring
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Disk performance monitoring

• Idle time accumulates in diskperf when there
  are no outstanding requests!
• Calculate Disk busy 100 - Idle time
• Calculate Disk Service time Disk busy / Disk
  transfers/sec
• Calculate Disk Queue time Avg. Disk
  secs/transfer - Disk service time

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New Win2K per process I/O Counters
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NTFS for Win2K

• For the first time, MS is developing applications
  that require NTFS
• new version of Index Server replaces FindFast
• new Change Journal use NTFS sparse file format
• NTFS for Win2K is not entirely backward-compatible
  with NT 4.0
• Master File Directory entries reduced from 4K to
  1K
• NT 4.0 SP4 has a new version of ntfs.sys

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Diskeeper Lite built into Win2K
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Windows 2000 networking

• Win2K contains standard TCP/IP protocol stack!
• NetBT (or NBT)
• NetBEUI over TCP/IP
• NDIS (Network Device Interface Specification)
• Standardized NIC driver support across Windows 9x
  and Windows NT/2000
• ProcessorAffinityMask parameter confines
  interrupts to a single processor on SMPs
• NDIS miniport driver supplied by the Network
  Interface Card (NIC) adpater manufacturer

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Windows 2000 networking
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Ethernet measurements

• NIC sees all packets
• Destination address
• Source address
• Normally, only acts on broadcast packets and
  packets that match its MAC address
• Promiscuous mode
• Interrupts host for all packets
• Win2K Network Monitor driver hooks NDIS layer

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Connection handshaking (Win2K defaults).
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Ethernet performance

• Improving Ethernet performance
• Switched Ethernet
• dedicated link capacity
• 100 Mb Ethernet
• Utilize existing wiring
• Improved throughput
• Gigabit Ethernet
• Emerging technology e.g., Win2K support for
  jumbo frames
• Good choice for high speed backbones
• Requires fiber!

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Source Alteon Computers
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Gigabit Ethernet performance

• PC architecture
• PCI 2.1 66 MHz 64 bits 528 MB/sec
• Servers built with multiple PCI bus
• Jumbo frames incompatible with other Ethernets
• Dedicated backbone
• Support for VLAN virtual LAN boundaries

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Gigabit Ethernet performance

• Windows 2000 support
• PMTU dynamic path MTU discovery
• Scalable Window supports TCP windows sizes 64K
• Selective Acknowledgement (SACK)
• NDIS miniport driver support
• Enable Jumbo Frames
• Set Jumbo Frame Size
• Allocate Buffer Queue
• etc.

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Gigabit Ethernet performance

• Windows 2000 support
• HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Param
  eters\Interfaces\
• MaximumFrameSize 9014 / use jumbo frames
• NumberOfReceiveBuffers 100 / use memory if you
  need it
• NumberofTransmitBuffers 100 / ditto
• MaxIRQperSec 2500 / interrupt coalescing
  / and moderation

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Job Object

• Will Job Object controls help in the future?
• Job Objects enforce various resource limits
• User time execution limits
• static dispatching priorities
• Range of time-slice values
• But you must write a program to CreateJobObject,
  SetInformationJobObject, AssignProcessToJobObject,
  and monitor the execution of processes assigned
  to Jobs
• E.g., IIS launching CGI scripts

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Win2K Job Object

• New APIs to define resource-limited Jobs and
  assign processes to Jobs.
• Resource tracking in new performance Objects.
• Designed for CGI scripts spawned as separate
  processes by IIS
• Poorly written scripts can loop, have memory
  leaks, etc.

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Win2K file server performance improvements.
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Win2K file server performance improvements.
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Where to get more information

• Microsoft Windows 2000 Resource Kit
• Inside Windows 2000
• by David Solomon and Mark Russinovich
• TechNet or the Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN)
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