Taxonomy

1
Taxonomy

• Taxonomy is the classification of organisms -
  necessary to intelligently study living things
  and share information
• Classification is the grouping of objects or
  information based on similarities.
• Classification began in Europe with two
  categories - plants animals
• Aristotle expanded taxonomy to several Animal
  levels
• Exploration microbiology sparked two major
  explosions in classification

2
(No Transcript)
3
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)

• Earliest version of modern day organized approach
  He was Swedish
• Characteristics we can see- Phenetic approach
• Morphology - basic shape
• Form - body parts (head, legs, thorax)
• Structure - bone and external supports
• Anatomy - muscle organs
• Described 1,000s of plants animals in
  System Naturae and Species Plantarum

4
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)

• (Domain Eukarya)
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

5
Human Taxonomy
Eric Huffman Period Five Class of 2004
6
Domain Eukarya
Characteristics of Domain Eukarya -Eukaryotic
cells -Complicated cells -Unicellular (some
Protists and yeasts), Colonial (some Protists)
or Multicellular (most ---Fungi, Plantae, and
Animalia) organisms
7
Kingdom Animalia
Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia -
multicellular / eukaryotic - lack cell walls -
ingestive heterotrophic (herbivores, carnivores,
parasites, etc.) - motile - store glycogen and
fat - nerve cells and muscle cells
(neuromuscular system) - sexual/asexual
reproduction                    
8
Phylum Chordata
Characteristics of Phylum Chordata -A dorsal,
hollow nerve chord -A notochord (cartilage rod)
at some time during development -gill slits at
some time during development -A muscular
post-anal tail at some during development
Subphylum Vertabrata -Notochord develops into
vertebrae
9
Class Mammalia

• Characteristics of Class Mammalia
• - Body covered with hair, reduced in some.
• - Integument with sweat, scent, sebaceous and
  mammary glands.
• - Mouth with teeth.
• - Movable eyelids and fleshy external ears.
• - Four limbs in most, adapted for many forms of
  locomotion.
• - Four-chambered heart.
• Respiration system with lungs and larynx
  muscular diaphragm.
• Brain highly developed.
• Endothermic
• Internal fertilization eggs developed in a
  uterus with placental attachment.
• -Young nourished by milk from mammary glands.
• - The presence of a placenta during development.

10
Order Primates

• Characteristics of Order Primates
• General primate behavioral characteristics
• many generalized mammalian characteristics rather
  than specialized adaptations to narrow niches
• basic arboreal adaptation, especially to tropical
  forests, although some species have become
  terrestrial
• - excellent manual dexterity
• - well developed sense of sight
• - good hand-eye co-ordination
• cerebral cortex highly organized, involving a
  dependence upon
• learned behavior
• - long infant dependency periods
• - complex social organizations.

11
General primate anatomical features -hands
-prehensile with opposable thumbs -tactile
pads and nails on fingers and toes -adapted
for precision grip -facilitating feeding and
locomotion in the trees -mobile arms posture
frees arms and hands for grasping -eyes
-binocular vision -color vision -skull
contains post-orbital bars for protection of
eyes -development of visual organs is
achieved at the expense of olfactory organs
-face large eyes and brain and reduced snout
area -large brains especially in cerebral
cortex -bear single offspring.
12
Family Hominidae
Characteristics of Family Hominidae Hominids
characteristic can be divided into two types
-primitive, or generalized, characteristics,
which are held in common with other species
within a more comprehensive group (primates,
anthropoids, catarrhines, and hominoids) and
-derived, or specialized, characteristics, which
are distinct to hominid lines and are not
shared with non-human primate species.

13
Binomial Nomenclature
Homo Sapien
Characteristics of the Genus Homo -teeth small
front teeth (canines and incisors) and very large
molars relative to other primate species -
posture bipedal, involving numerous anatomical
adaptations including - a fully erect stance
and gait, - shortening of the arms relative to
the legs, - restructuring of the pelvic bones
for weight bearing, - restructuring of the foot
or weight bearing, involving the loss of toe
opposability -hands increased manual dexterity
involving a lengthening of the thumb
-brain increase in brain size, especially in the
frontal lobes - face reduction in the
musculature and bone mass of the skull and face
involving a flattening of the muzzle area.
14
Homo Sapians

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• SpeciesSapiens 

15
Phenetic Approach - (remember phenotype)
Latin (dead language) - binomial nomenclature
Species and genus always italicized or
underlined Species is the basic unit - organisms
share common gene pool can reproduce viable
offspring genus - contains one or more species 2
million described, estimated 10 million
left International Commission on Nomenclature
16
Ligers Hobbs

• Liger lion dad and tiger mom
• born sterile
• Hobbs the liger is 2x the size of a full grown
  Siberian tiger

17
Liger
18
Tigons

• Tigon tiger dad and lion mom
• born sterile

19
Wolphin
Laura Ismar Class of 2006
20
Wolphin

• Top to bottom
• False Killer Whale (Dad- Ianui Hahai ),
  Bottlenose Dolphin (Mom- Punahele )
• Wolphin - Keikaimalu

Edwin Arboleda Darshan Brahmbhatt Class of 2006
21

• Her birth on May 15, 1985 was a big surprise for
  the Sea Life Park staff. Her mother, a bottlenose
  dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), and her father, a
  false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), met on
  the job in the Whaler's Cove show. Since they
  were two very different animals, it was not
  expected that they would produce an offspring,
  but they did, making Kekaimalu the world's only
  known living wholphin. She has developed into a
  unique animal combining characteristics of both
  of her parents.

22
Maggie Carlsson Class of 2006
23
Hybrid Animals
By Hilary Ellis, Class 2007
24
Mule Hinney

• The Hinney is a result of breeding a female
  donkey/burro to a male horse.
• The mule is a result of breeding a female horse
  to a male donkey.

25
Wholphin

• The result of mixing a whale and a dolphin.
• In this case, a Killer Whaleand a Bottlenose
  Dolphin.

26
Lepon

• The Lepon is a result in mixing a male leopard to
  a female lion.

27
Jaglion

• The Jaglion is a result in breeding a jaguar with
  a lion.

28
Caraval Cross

• The Caraval is the result of breeding a male
  Caracal with a female Serval.

29
Manchurian / Siberian Tiger Cross

• This tiger is the result of breeding a Manchurian
  tiger with a Siberian Tiger.

30
Geep

• Result in mixing a sheep with a goat.

31
Polecat / Ferret Cross

• This hybrid is the result of breeding a Wild
  EuropeanPolecat and a domesticated "European"
  Polecat.
• It is suspected that the European polecat is the
  wild ancestor to todays domestic pets.
• Domesticated Polecats are commonly called ferrets.

32
Chausie Cat

• A chausie cat is the result of breeding a Jungle
  cat with a domesticated cat.

33
Pumapard

• The pumapard is the result of breeding together a
  puma and a leopard.

34
Bengal Cat

• The bengal cat is the result of a domesticated
  Cat and the wild Asian Leopard cat.

35
Savannah Cat

• The savannah cat is the result in cross
  breeding a domesticated Bengal cat with a wild
  Serval.

36
Bobcat/ Lynx Cross

• This hybrid is a result of breeding a bobcat with
  a lynx.

37
Tabby/ African Wild Cat Cross

• This hybrid is the result in breeding an
  American wild cat with a domestic tabby cat.

38
Ocelot/ Puma Cross

• This cats (artistic conception) is the result of
  breeding a Puma with an Ocelot.

39
Hybrid Dogs

• Dogote By breeding a domestic dog with a
  coyote.
• Coydog By breeding any domestic dog with a
  coyote.

40
Yakalo

• A yakalo is the result in breeding a buffalo and
  a yak.

41
Yak / Milk Cow Cross

• This Yak cross is the result of breedinga Yak
  and domestic milk cows.

42
Beefalo

• The Beefalo is a cross between a American Bison
  with a domestic cow.

43
Zorse

• The Zorse is a result in breeding a female horse
  and a male zebra.

44
Zonkey

• A Zonkey is the result of breeding a female
  donkey/ Borro/ ass with a male zebra.

45
Zetland

• The Zetland is a result of breeding a female
  Shetland Pony (mare) to a male zebra.

46
Cama

• This hybrid is a result in mixing a Llama with a
  Camel.
• The parents are in the background of the picture.

47
Pig/ Wild Pig Cross

• This hybrid is the result of breeding a Wild pig
  with a domestic pig.

48
Snowflake

• This is the only albino gorilla ever known in
  science.
• Snowflake was captured in the African lowlands in
  1966.
• Last known this gorilla was in Spain at the
  Barcelona Zoo for about 20 years.
• Sadly, this 40 year old gorilla died in 2004 of
  skin cancer.

49
Phylogenetic Approach

• Classifying based on homologies - traits based on
  the assumption of a common history (evolution)
• paleontology - fossil records
• embryological development
• comparative anatomy
• genetic information - DNA, RNA amino acids
• molecular clocks - estimate the time it takes to
  observe a genetic change in the population

50
Patterns of Evolution

• Natural selection is the driving force
• Convergent - 2 unrelated species look similar due
  to the environment - arctic white hair
• Co-evolution - 2 unrelated species effect each
  others development - rabbit and wolf
• Divergent - 2 related species that take on
  different characteristics - finches beak shape -
  13 varieties

51
Characteristics

• Analogous - similar function appearance but
  different in genetic make-up and form
• Homologous - same genetic basis
• ancestral - unchanged through history
• derived - recent modifications

52
(No Transcript)
53
(No Transcript)
54
(No Transcript)
55
(No Transcript)