Body Structure, Color,

1
Chapter 2

• Body Structure, Color,
• and Oncology

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Organization of the Human Body

• cell basic unit of all life
• tissue similar cells that perform a specific
  task
• organ two or more kinds of tissue that together
  perform special body functions
• system a group of organs that work together to
  perform complex body functions

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Organization of the Body
4
Body Cells

• The human body is composed of trillions of cells
  of various sizes and shapes
• cell membrane boundary of a cell
• cytoplasm makes up the body of a cell
• nucleus structure in center containing
  chromosomes

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Body Cell
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Types of Tissue

• muscle tissue produces movement
• nervous tissue conducts impulses to and from the
  brain
• connective tissue connects, supports,
  penetrates, and encases various body structures
• epithelial tissue found in the skin and lining
  of the blood vessels

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Types of Tissues
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Organization of the Human Body (contd)

• chromosomes 46 in human cells except for mature
  sex cell, which has 23
• genes regions within the chromosome
• (determine hereditary characteristics)
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) each gene is
  composed of DNA, a chemical that regulates the
  activities of the cell

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Body Cavities

• cranial brain
• spinal spinal cord
• thoracic heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea,
  bronchi
• abdominal stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver,
  gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, ureters
• pelvic urinary bladder, certain reproductive
  organs, part of large intestine, rectum

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Body Cavities
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Combining Forms for Body Structure

• aden/o
• cyt/o
• epitheli/o
• fibr/o
• hist/o
• kary/o
• lip/o

• my/o
• neur/o
• organ/o
• sarc/o
• system/o
• viscer/o

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Combining Forms Commonly Used with Body Structure
Terms

• cancer/o, carcin/o
• eti/o
• gno/o
• iatr/o
• lei/o

• onc/o
• path/o
• rabd/o
• somat/o

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Combining Forms for Colors

• chlor/o
• chrom/o
• cyan/o
• erythr/o
• leuk/o
• melan/o
• xanth/o

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Prefixes

• dia-
• dys-
• hyper-
• hypo-
• meta-
• neo-
• pro-

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Suffixes

• -oma
• -osis
• -pathy
• -plasia
• -plasm
• -sarcoma
• -sis
• -stasis

• -al, -ic, -ous
• -cyte
• -gen
• -genesis
• -genic
• -logist
• -logy
• -oid

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Suffixes Containing gen

• -gen substance that produces or causes
• Example carcino/gen substance that causes
  cancer
• -genic producing, originating, causing
• Example cyt/o/genic producing cells
• -genesis origin, cause
• Example onc/o/genesis cause of tumors

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Oncology Terms Built from Word Parts

• carcinoma
• fibroma
• liposarcoma
• melanocarcinoma
• myoma
• melanoma
• rhabdomyosarcoma
• sarcoma

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Analyzing Terms Which Appear to Be Built From a
Prefix and Suffix

• neoplasm is built from what looks like a prefix
  and a suffix the word root is embedded in the
  suffix. S(WR) is used in the Building Medical
  Terms exercises to indicate this.

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Pronunciation Guide

• The following is a simple guide to use for
  practicing pronunciation of the medical terms.
• The pronunciations are only approximate however,
  they are adequate to meet the needs of the
  beginning student
• In respelling for pronunciation, words are
  minimally distorted to indicate phonetic sound
• Example doctor (dok-tor), gastric (gas-trik)

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Pronunciation Guide (contd)

• Diacritical marks are used over vowels to
  indicate pronunciation. The macron (?) is used to
  indicate the long vowel sounds.
• Example donate (do-nate)
• hepatoma (hep-a-to-ma)
• a as in ate, say
• e as in eat, beet, see
• i as in i, mine, sky
• o as in oats, so
• u as in unit, mute

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Pronunciation Guide (contd)

• Vowels with no markings have the short sound.
• Example discuss (dis-kus)
• medical (med-i-kal)
• a as in at, lad
• e as in edge, bet
• i as in itch, wish
• o as in ox, top
• u as in sun, come

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Pronunciation Guide (contd)

• An accent mark is the stress on a certain
  syllable. The primary accent is indicated by
  capital letters, and the secondary accent (which
  is stressed, but not as strongly as the primary
  accent) is indicated by italics.
• Example altogether (all-tu-GETH-er)
• pancreatitis (pan-kre-a-TI-tis)

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Oncology Terms Not Built from Word Parts

• benign
• malignant
• remission
• in vitro
• in vivo
• encapsulated
• cancer in situ

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Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts

• cancerous
• carcinogen
• carcinogenic
• cyanosis
• cytogenic
• cytoplasm
• erythrocyte

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Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts
(contd)

• erythrocytosis
• etiology
• histology
• hyperplasia
• hypoplasia
• karyocyte
• leukocyte
• leukocytosis

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Blood Cells

• 1, (red) / cv / (cells)
• 2, (white) / cv / (cells)

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Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts
(contd)

• myopathy
• neopathy
• neuroid
• oncogenic

• oncologist
• pathology
• somatic
• xanthosis

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Abbreviations

• Ca
• chemo
• Dx
• mets
• Px
• RBC
• RXT
• WBC