UNIT 1 Health Care Systems

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UNIT 1 Health Care Systems
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I. HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE

• A. Introduction
• 1. Ancient times
• a. Belief that disease and illness caused by
  demons and evil spirits
• b. Treatment directed toward eliminating
• evil spirits
• 2. Later developments
• a. Disease producing organisms discovered
• b. Treatment directed toward eliminating
• organisms

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II. History of Health Care A. 4000 BC3000 BC
Primitive Times

• Believed that illness and disease caused by
  supernatural spirits and demons
• Tribal witch doctors treated illness with
  ceremonies to drive out evil spirits
• Herbs and plants used as medicines and some, such
  as morphine for pain and digitalis for the
• heart, are still used today
• Trepanation or trephining, boring a hole in the
  skull, was used to treat insanity, epilepsy, and
• headache
• Average life span was 20 years

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B. 3000 BC300 BCAncient Egyptians

• Earliest people known to maintain accurate health
  records
• Called upon the gods to heal them when disease
  occurred
• Physicians were priests who studied medicine and
  surgery in temple medical schools
• Imhotep (2725? BC) may have been the first
  physician
• If channels became clogged, bloodletting or
  leeches were used to open them
• Used magic and medicinal plants to treat disease
• Average life span was 20 to 30 years

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C. 1700 BC220 ADAncient Chinese

• Religious prohibitions against dissection
  resulted in inadequate knowledge of body
  structure
• Monitored the pulse
• Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based
  mainly on the use of herbs
• Used acupuncture to relieve pain and congestion
• Began the search for medical reasons for illness
• Average life span was 20 to 30 years

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D. 1200 BC200 BCAncient Greeks

• Began modern medical science
• Hippocrates (460377 BC) called the Father of
  Medicine
• Recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases
• Aristotle (384322 BC) dissected animals and is
  called founder of comparative anatomy
• Believed illness is a result of natural causes
• Stressed diet and cleanliness as ways to prevent
  disease
• Average life span was 25 to 35 years

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E. 753 BC410 ADAncient Romans

• First to organize medical care by providing care
  for injured soldiers
• Early hospitals care given in rooms in their
  homes
• Began public health and sanitation systems
• Built sewers to carry waste materials away from
  the cities
• Used filtering systems in public baths to prevent
  disease
• Drained marshes to reduce the incidence of
  malaria
• Claudius Galen (129199?AD), a physician,
  established many medical beliefs
• Diet, exercise, and medications were used to
  treat disease
• Average life span was 25 to 35 years

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F. Dark Ages 400800 AD

• Emphasis was placed on saving the soul and the
  study of medicine was prohibited
• Monks and priests provided custodial care for
  sick people
• Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
• Average life span was 20 to 30 years

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G. Middle Ages 8001400 AD

• Physicians began attend medical universities
• A pandemic of the bubonic plague (black death)
  killed 3/4 of the population of Europe and Asia
• Suggested blood was the cause of many infectious
  diseases
• Rhazes Began the use of animal gut for suture
  material
• Arabs began requiring that physicians pass
  examinations and obtain licenses
• Average life span was 20 to 35 years

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H. Renaissance 13501650 AD

• Rebirth of the science of medicine
• Artists Michelangelo (14751564) and Leonardo da
  Vinci (14521519) used dissection in order to
  draw the human body more realistically
• First anatomy book was published by Andreas
  Vesalius (15141564)
• Michael Servetus (15111553)
• Described the circulatory system in the lungs
• Roger Bacon (1214?1294)
• Promoted chemical remedies to treat disease
• Average life span was 30 to 40 years

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I. 16th and 17th Centuries

• Causes of disease were still not known
• Ambroise Pare (15101590) known as Father of
  Modern Surgery first to bind arteries to stop
  bleeding
• Gabriel Fallopius (15231562) fallopian tubes
• William Harvey (15781657) described the
  circulation of blood to and from the heart in
  1628
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (16321723) invented the
  microscope in 1666
• Bartolomeo Eustachio identified the eustachian
  tube
• Average life span was 35 to 45 years

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J. 18th Century

• Gabriel Fahrenheit (16861736) created the first
  mercury thermometer in 1714
• Benjamin Franklin (17061790) invented bifocals
  for glasses
• James Lind prescribed lime juice containing
  vitamin C to prevent scurvy in 1795
• Edward Jenner (17491823) developed a vaccination
  for smallpox in 1796
• Average life span was 40 to 50 years

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K. 19th Century

• Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in
  1881
• Joseph Lister started using disinfectants and
  antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection
  in 1865
• Louis Pasteur Pasteurization, proving microbes
  cause disease, rabies vaccine
• Gregory Mendel heredity and dominant/recessive
  patterns
• Robert Koch called the Father of Microbiology
• Wilhelm Roentgen discovered Roentgenograms
  (X-rays) in 1895
• Florence Nightingale was the founder of modern
  nursing
• Average life span was 40 to 60 years

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L. 20th Century

• Sigmund Freud psychology and psychiatry
• Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in
  1928
• Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine using
  dead polio virus in 1952
• Francis Crick and James Watson described the
  structure of DNA and how it carries genetic
  information in 1953
• AIDS was identified as a disease in 1981
• The Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causing
  AIDS was identified in 1984
• Average life span was 60 to 70 years

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II. Health Care

• A. Fastest growing industry in U.S.
• Employs over 14 million workers in 200 different
  careers
• Is a 2 Billion/ day business

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III. Types of Health Care Facilities

• A. Hospitals
• For profit
• Not for profit
• Government
• University or medical schools
• B. Long term care facilities
• 1. Nursing homes Provide physical care
• 2. Rehabilitative facilities Prepare pt. to
  return home

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• C. Medical Offices
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• D. Dental Offices
• Dental care
• Orthodontic care
• E. Clinics
• Emergency care
• Health department
• Surgical clinics

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• F. Emergency care
• Ambulance/rescue squad
• Helicopter/airplane
• G. Laboratories
• Special diagnostic tests (blood, urine, Xray,
  EKG)
• H. Home health care
• Provide health care in pt home
• Services include nursing, physical therapy,
  homemaker

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• I. Hospice
• Care for pt at home with less than 6 months to
  live
• Provide pain management
• J. Mental health
• Psychiatric
• Chemical/substance abuse
• K. Rehabilitation facilities
• Speech therapy
• Physical therapy

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• L. Health Maintenance Organizations
• Provide total health care directed toward
  preventative care
• M. Industrial Health
• Provide medical care for employees
• Provide pre-employment exam
• N. School Health
• Check health conditions (speech, vision, hearing,
  scoliosis)
• Provide first aid

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IV. Government Agencies

• A. World Health Organization
• Compiles data on diseases throughout world
• Investigates serious health problems throughout
  world
• B. U.S. Dept. of Health Human Services
• Deal with health problems in U.S.
• Center for Disease Control (CDC)
• a) Collect data on disease
• Investigate disease outbreaks
• Research cause treatment

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• C. State Local Health Dept.
• Deal with health problems on local level
• Collect data on diseases
• Provide immunizations, prenatal care, health
  education
• IV. Volunteer Organizations
• Supported by contributions
• Provide health services

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V. Health Insurance Plans

• HMO
• PPO
• Medicare
• Medicaid
• Workers compensation
• Managed care

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VI. Organizational Chart

• Present in all health care facilities
• Demonstrates
• Line of authority
• Different jobs functions

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VII. Trends in Health Care

• A. Cost containment
• Combining services
• Bulk purchasing
• DRG
• B. Geriatric care
• OBRA
• Longer life span
• FL has a very large population over age of 65
• C. Home Health Care
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•  

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• D. Focus on wellness
• Preventive medicine
• Immunizations
• Health food stores
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• E. Alternative methods of health care
• Acupuncture
• Positive thought
• Therapeutic touch
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• F. National Health Care Plan
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