Emotion

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• Chapter 13
• Emotion

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Emotion

• Emotion
• a response of the whole organism
• --physiological arousal
• --expressive behaviors
• --conscious experience

Does your heart pound because you are afraid...
or are you afraid because you feel your heart
pounding? (level 4)
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Neuroscience of Emotions
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Neuroscience of Emotion

• Biological Mechanisms at work behind our
  emotions
• Role of Limbic System
• Role of Reticular Formation
• Role of Cerebral Cortex
• Role of Autonomic Nervous System
• Role of Hormones

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Neuroscience of Emotion
1) Role of Limbic System

• The Amygdala is a neural key to fear learning
• Like a guard dog, it is continuously alert for
  threats.

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Neuroscience of Emotion
Located in the brain stem, works with the
thalamus amygdala to monitor incoming info.
2) Role of Reticular Formation
If threat is detected, the RF sets off automatic
responses arouse brain heart
accelerate respiration increase mouth
dry muscles tense.
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Location?The cerebral cortex is the outer
portion (1.5mm to 5mm) of the cerebrum. It is
divided into 4 lobes frontal, parietal, temporal
and occipital.
Neuroscience of Emotion
3) Role of Cerebral Cortex
Function ??Determines Intelligence ??Determines
Personality ??Interpretation of Sensory
Impulses ??Motor Function ??Planning and
Organization ??Touch/Sensation
In general right hemisphere specializes in
negative emotions left hemisphere specializes
in positive emotions
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Neuroscience of Emotion
4) Role of Autonomic Nervous System
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Neuroscience of Emotion
5) Role of Hormones
Important Hormones in Emotion Serotonin Depres
sion Epinephrine Fear Norepinephrine Anger S
teroids Act on nerve cells causing rage or
(cortisol) depression (also mood changes
associated with pregnancy and PMS may be
related to steroids.)
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Theories of Emotions
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion

• Experience of emotion is awareness of
  physiological responses to emotion-arousing
  stimuli

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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

• Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger
• --physiological responses
• --subjective experience of emotion

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Schachters Two Factor Theory of Emotion

• To experience emotion one must
• --be physically aroused
• --cognitively label the arousal

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The Two-Factor Theory would predict that a
decaffeinated-coffee drinker who accidentally
drank coffee with caffeine could mistake the
resulting physical arousal for emotion.
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Fight or Flight Response is our body's
primitive, automatic, inborn response that
prepares the body to "fight" or "flee" from
perceived attack, harm or threat to our survival.
Discovered by the great Harvard physiologist
Walter Cannon, this response is hard-wired into
our brains and represents a genetic wisdom
designed to protect us from bodily harm. This
response actually corresponds to an area of our
brain called the hypothalamus, whichwhen
stimulatedinitiates a sequence of nerve cell
firing and chemical release that prepares our
body for running or fighting.
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Mirror Neurons and Football
http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/video/3204
/q01-036.html
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Eight Basic Emotions

• Plutchik believes that emotions have four
  dimensions
• Positive or negative
• Primary or mixed
• Polar opposites
• Varying intensity

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Eight Basic Emotions
Plutchik believes emotions are like colors.
Every color of the spectrum can be produced by
mixing the primary colors. The eight primary
emotions are fear, surprise, sadness, disgust,
anger, joy, anticipation, and acceptance.
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Eight Basic Emotions
By contrast, secondary emotions are produced by
combinations of primary emotions that are
adjacent on the emotional wheel. Plutchik
believes that emotions that are opposites cannot
be experienced at the same time.
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Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion
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Two Routes to Emotion
Lazarus/Schachter
Zajonc/LeDoux
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Two Dimensions of Emotion
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Arousal and Performance

• Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for
  difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or
  well-learned tasks

Performance level
Difficult tasks
Easy tasks
Low
Arousal
High
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Lie Detectors and Emotions
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Emotion-Lie Detectors

• Polygraph
• machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies
• measures several of the physiological responses
  accompanying emotion
• --perspiration
• --heart rate
• --blood pressure
• --breathing changes

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Emotion- Lie Detectors

• Control Question
• Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm
  anyone?
• Relevant Question
• Did the deceased threaten to harm you in any
  way?
• Relevant gt Control --gt Lie

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QUESTIONING USED WITH LIE DETECTORS
CONTROL QUESTION (CQT) compares the physiological
response to relevant questions about the crime
with the response to questions relating to
possible prior misdeeds. DIRECTED LIE TEST (DLT)
tries to detect lying by comparing physiological
responses when the subject is told to
deliberately lie to responses when they tell the
truth. GUILTY KNOWLEDGE TEST (GKT) compares
physiological responses to multiple-choice type
questions about the crime, one choice of which
contains information only the crime investigators
and the criminal would know about
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Emotion-Lie Detectors
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Emotion-Lie Detectors

• 50 Innocents
• 50 Thieves
• --1/3 of innocent declared guilty
• --1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from
  Kleinmuntz Szucko, 1984)

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Emotion-Lie Detectors

• Is 70 accuracy good?
• Assume 5 of 1000 employees actually guilty
• --test all employees
• --285 will be wrongly accused
• What about 95 accuracy?
• Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty
• --test all employees (including 999 innocents)
• --50 wrongly declared guilty
• --1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (2)

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Emotion-Lie Detectors

• Do you agree with the idea that law enforcement
  agencies place so much validity with lie-detector
  machines? (level 5)
• Under what conditions might lie-detectors be
  accurate? (level 5)
• What is your opinion as to lie-detectors being
  admissible in a court of law? (level 5)

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Expressing Emotions
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Expressed Emotion
People more speedily detect an angry face than a
happy one (Ohman, 2001a)
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(No Transcript)
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Expressing Emotion

• Gender and expressiveness

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Expressed Emotion

• Culturally universal expressions

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Experienced Emotion

• The ingredients of emotion

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Experienced Emotion

• Infants naturally occurring emotions

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Experienced Emotion

• The Amygdala--a neural key to fear learning

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Experiencing Emotion

• Catharsis Hypothesis
• emotional release
• catharsis hypothesis
• --releasing aggressive energy (through action
  or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
• --can actually create MORE hostility and MORE
  aggressiveness (stewing revenge)
• --can become conditioned as a way to handle
  anger

Better to calmly confront the situationby
telling the person how you feel or finding a way
to release energy (exercise, music, or confiding
in another person)
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Experiencing Emotion

• Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
• peoples tendency to be helpful when already in
  a good mood

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Experiencing Emotion

• Subjective Well-Being
• self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with
  life
• used along with measures of objective well-being
• --physical and economic indicators to evaluate
  peoples quality of life

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Experienced Emotion
Moods across the day
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Experienced Emotion
Does money buy happiness? (level 5)
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Experienced Emotion
Values and life satisfaction
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Experiencing Emotion

• Are todays collegians materialistic? (level 5)

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I cried because I had no shoes . . . . until I
met a man who had no feet.
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Experiencing Emotion

• Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
• tendency to form judgements relative to a
  neutral level
• --brightness of lights
• --volume of sound
• --level of income
• defined by our prior experience
• Relative Deprivation
• perception that one is worse off relative to
  those with whom one compares oneself

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I cried because I had no shoes . . . . until I
met a man who had no feet.
Evaluate the quote above, using the
adaptation-level phenomenon. Evaluate the quote
above, using the relative-deprivation principle.
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Happiness is...
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What about Emotional Intelligence?
EI is a type of social intelligence that
involves the ability to monitor one's own and
others' emotions, discriminate among them, and
to use the information to guide one's thinking
and actions. (Mayer Salovey, 1993 433)
EI has its roots in the concept of "social
intelligence," first identified by E.L. Thorndike
in 1920.
Dr. Golemans 1995 book, Emotional Intelligence,
argues that human competencies like
self-awareness, self-discipline, persistence and
empathy are of greater consequence than IQ in
much of life, that we ignore the decline in these
competencies at our peril, and that children can
and should be taught these abilities.
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Emotional Intelligence has 5 domains Self-awarene
ssObserving yourself and recognizing a feeling
as it happens. Managing emotionsHandling
feelings so that they are appropriate realizing
what is behind a feeling finding ways to handle
fears and anxieties, anger, and
sadness. Motivating oneselfChanneling emotions
in the service of a goal emotional self control
delaying gratification and stifling
impulses. EmpathySensitivity to others' feelings
and concerns and taking their perspective
appreciating the differences in how people feel
about things. Handling relationshipsManaging
emotions in others social competence and social
skills.
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How would you prioritize the importance of EQ
versus IQ? (level 5) What data are you using to
make this conclusion? (level 5)
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QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
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• 1) Which of the following is NOT one of the
  emotions which Paul Ekman believed are
  universally recognized?
• Sadness
• Fear
• Contempt
• Jealousy
• Disgust

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• 2) Robert Plutchiks emotion wheel proposes
  that
• four pairs of opposite emotions are the basis for
  all other emotions.
• Ten emotions are the basis of all other emotions.
• Humans have an infinite number of emotions which
  cannot be separated from each other.
• Infants can feel only three different kinds of
  emotions
• Humans cannot experience two or more emotions
  simultaneously

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• 3) The fact that widely different cultures use
  the same facial expressions to express an emotion
  would lead researchers to believe that
  expressions are
• situational
• cognitive
• unreliable
• innate
• physical

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• 4) The role of the limbic system in emotion is to
• Trigger the internal and external behaviors
  involved in emotions
• Arouse the whole brain simultaneously when we are
  aroused
• Makes a persons heart race when aroused.
• Dampen emotional arousal.
• Integrates the hormonal and neural emotional
  aspects.

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• 5) The right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is
  most likely to be involved when a person is
• Scared by the appearance of a spider above their
  head
• Elated at their wedding reception
• Surprised after winning 10,000 lottery
• Under pressure to complete a term paper by
  tomorrow.
• Depressed after the loss of the favorite pet.

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• 6) The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is
  likely to
• Brood after failing an important exam.
• Focus on someone smiling at you.
• Be angry at someone cutting you off while you
  ride your bike.
• Activate the sympathetic nervous system.
• None of the above.

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• 7) ______ proposed that emotions are the result
  of a physical state.
• James and Lange
• Lazarus and Schachter
• Masters and Johnson
• Plutchik and Rotter
• Maslow and Kinsey

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• 8) Which of the following hormones is often
  associated with depression.
• steroids
• serotonin
• acetylcholine
• norepinephrine
• Epinephrine

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• 9) This theory is based on the idea that emotions
  have pairs that play off on one another, when one
  is triggered, the other is suppressed.
• James-Lange Theory
• Trichromatic Theory
• Opponent-Process
• Cannon-Bard Theory
• Two-Factor Theory

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• 10) The ability to understand and control
  emotional responses is known as
• Anger management
• Emotional intelligence
• empathy
• Savant syndrome
• Motivation

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• 11) According to Daniel Goleman, the ability of a
  four-year-old child to delay _____ predicts their
  level of success in life
• intelligence
• cognition
• gratification
• toilet training
• embarrassment

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• 12) RECALL
• During emotional arousal, the ____ nervous
  system sends messages to the internal organs.
• somatic
• sensory
• autonomic
• cerebellar
• afferent

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• 13) UNDERSTANDING THE CORE CONCEPT
• Emotions result from an interaction of
  biological arousal, subjective feelings,
  cognitive interpretation, and behavioral
  expression. Which two of these are emphasized in
  the two-factor theory of emotion?
• Subjective feelings and behavioral expression
• Cognitive interpretation and behavioral
  expression
• Biological arousal and cognitive interpretation
• Biological arousal and subjective feelings
• Subjective feelings and cognitive interpretation

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• 14) RECALL
• People with emotional intelligence
• Feel no emotions
• Are extremely emotionally responsive
• Know how to control their emotional responses.
• Can always deceive a polygrapher
• Sense of others feelings

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• 15) APPLICATION
• Psychological research suggests that it might be
  best to handle your feelings of anger toward a
  friend by
• Hitting a punching bag.
• Venting your anger by yelling at your friend.
• Calmly telling your friend that you feel angry.
• Doing nothing except stewing in your angry
  feelings
• Engaging in other, unrelated activities

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• 16) RECALL
• While emotion emphasizes _____, motivation
  emphasizes _____.
• Behavior/cognition.
• Arousal/action.
• Neural activity/hormones.
• Needs/drives
• Drives/needs

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Show DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY 12 Motivation and
Emotion