Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism Chapter 7 Regional

1
Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism

• Chapter 7
• Regional Economies Create Differences, 1800-1820

2
Vocabulary

• Interchangeable parts identical parts that can
  be placed in machines
• Mass production production of goods in large
  quantities
• Cotton gin Eli Whitneys invention that removed
  seeds from cotton bolls

3
Vocabulary

• Industrial Revolution production moves from
  homes and small buildings with human labor to
  large factories with machines
• American System taxation of imports to help
  Americas emerging factory system

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Vocabulary

• Tariff of 1816 import tax which helped raise
  the prices for American-made goods
• National Road federal highway from MD to IL
• Erie Canal man-made waterway from L. Erie to
  the Hudson River

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Industrial Revolution in America

• Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793
• Under contract with the
  government to make weapons
  production more efficient, he
  is also credited with developing
  interchangeable parts.

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Industrial Revolution in America

• Up to this point, when a machine broke down, it
  stayed broken until a specialist made a specific
  piece to fix the individual machine.
• Machines could be out of
  commission for weeks.

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Industrial Revolution in America

• The Industrial Revolution began in the textile
  industry in Britain
• The result was dirty slums filled with poor
  housing, poor people, and poor health.

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Industrial Revolution in America

• Oliver Twist, written by Charles Dickens,
  described London in the early 1800s

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Industrial Revolution in America

• Prior to the factory system, products were made
  in private homes with 2-3 workers
• Once the spinning wheel was invented, others
  were adapted to
  fulfill other
  needs

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Industrial Revolution in America

• Factories were more efficient and able to mass
  produce items
• Americas involvement in manufacturing in the
  early 1800s was only transporting goods on the
  open seas.
• Britain was the industrial leader.

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Industrial Revolution in America

• The Embargo Act and the War of 1812 focused
  American energy on ways to improve their own
  industrial base instead of just shipping others
  goods.

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Industrial Revolution in America

• Samuel Slater built the first factory in New
  England in 1793
• It produced thread
• 20 years later factories
  produced all stages of cloth
  using water powered machines

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Industrial Revolution in America

• With their successful factory system in Waltham,
  MA, Lowell opened his own factory town named
  Lowell
• The Lowell factory hired
  girls who usually worked 2-3 years to
  bring money home or find a husband

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Two Economic Systems Develop

• People in the north invested their money in
  manufacturing and factories.
• People in the south increased agricultural
  production, particularly cotton, relying on slave
  labor

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Two Economic Systems Develop

• Soil and climate conditions in the
  northeast made large- scale farming nearly
  impossible
• Farmers in the west raised crops and cattle,
  neither labor intensive
• Farm products were sold in cities and
  manufactured products sold to farmers.

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Two Economic Systems Develop

• VA and MD continue to grow tobacco while the
  states to the south produced short-staple cotton

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King Cotton

• Cotton was in great demand and highly labor
  intensive
• The slave population grew to provide labor

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Two Economic Systems Develop

• Large plantation owners acquired hundred of
  slaves
• Most farmers were poor whites farming a few acres
• Both groups pushed farther west as their lust for
  land increased.

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American System

• President Madison planned to help unify America
  while creating a stable economy.
• Develop transportation systems
• Establish protective tariffs
• Resurrect the National Bank

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American System

• To pay for this, Henry Clay promoted the American
  System.
• The south and west would produce food needed in
  the industrial north
• A uniform currency would make interstate trade
  easier

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American System

• The idea was to intersect America with a
  transportation system that would allow an
  unencumbered trade organization that would
  benefit all sections of the nation.
• Roads, canals and railroads are expensive.
• Who would pay for them?

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Transportation - Railroads

• The first locomotive, Tom Thumb, was built in
  1825
• They could go wherever tracks could be built
• They were expensive to start-up

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Transportation - Roads

• States built roads within their own state
• The federal government built roads to connect
  regions
• A pike was laid across the road until a toll was
  paid.
• The toll taker then turned the pike to allow the
  driver to pass.

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Transportation - Canals

• The Erie Canal was the first of several to join 2
  bodies of water, usually west to
  east
• Without a current, flatboats were
  pulled by horses
  or pushed with poles

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Transportation - Canals

• The Erie Canal was dug between Lake Erie and the
  Hudson River.
• Most of the labor was done by Irish immigrants
  who worked for poor wages in dangerous conditions

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Tariff of 1816

• Britain and France were able to produce goods
  more efficiently, having begun the industrial
  revolution early in the 1800s
• New American industries could not compete
  financially

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Tariff of 1816

• Madison proposed a tariff to raise
  the price on imports to make domestic goods
  competitive.
• The tax would be used to pay for internal
  improvements
• The south would pay more in tariffs for
  improvements in the north.

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National Bank

• In 1816 Congress charted the Second National Bank
  for 20 years.
• It was suppose to help with regional trade and a
  common currency.

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Election of 1816

• James Monroe 183
• Rufus King - 34

This is the last election that the Federalist
will have a candidate. The last time they won
was 1796.
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Election of 1816

• James Monroe ushers n the Era of Good Feelings.

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Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism

• Chapter 7
• Nationalism at Center Stage

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Vocabulary

• McCulloch v. Maryland USSC case
• Nationalism feeling that
• Adams-Onis Treaty -

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Clermont

• Robert Fulton invented the steamboat in 1807
• For the first time, boats could go up stream.
• People and goods traveled the Ohio
  and Mississippi
  Rivers

34
Gibbons v. Ogden

• Ogden believed that his route (NY-NJ) was
  protected by NY law
• When Gibbons began running the same route, Ogden
  sued him
• The Supreme Court decided that only the federal
  govt could regulate interstate trade, not states

35
McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

• Maryland taxed a branch of the National Bank,
  hoping to cause it to fail
• The Marshall court decided that states could not
  tax the federal government since it could destroy
  it.

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McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

• The Supreme Courts decisions strengthened the
  federal governments control over the economy.

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Other Limits to State Powers

• The Supreme Court under John Marshall made 2
  decision that limited state power
• Fletcher v. Peck, 1810 nullified a GA law that
  violated an persons right to enter into contracts
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819 states
  could not interfere with contacts.

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Marshall Court 1801-1835

• The Liberty Bell was rung at John
  Marshalls funeral. It
  cracked and was never rung again

39
Nationalism and Foreign Policy

• Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817 led to the complete
  demilitarization of Britain and America on the
  Great Lakes.
• Convention of 1818, settled Americas northern
  border at 49 N.

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Nationalism and Foreign Policy

• Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 Spain ceded Florida to
  America

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Election of 1820

• James Monroe 231
• John Q. Adams 1
• Non-voting - 3

Clearly, the nation was pleased with their
president
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Monroe Doctrine

• In the early 1800s many countries in the western
  hemisphere were achieving their independence from
  European nations.
• Pres. Madison did not want them to become
  colonized again by any European country

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Monroe Doctrine

• He issued the Monroe Doctrine which stated that
  that any European interference in this hemisphere
  would jeopardize our peace and safety.
• It is still in place today

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Monroe Doctrine

• Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 Spain ceded Florida to
  America

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Age of Jackson

• Chapter 7
• Section 3

46
Election of 1824

• Five men ran for President
• No one received enough electoral votes to win the
  election
• As provided in the Constitution, the House
  decided the winner between the top 3 vote-getters.

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Election of 1824

• John Q. Adams was chosen as president.
• Andrew Jackson said that opponent, Henry Clay,
  made a corrupt bargain with John Q. Adams
• It was never proven

Clay
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Election of 1824
John Q. Adams 84 Andrew Jackson 99 W.
Crawford 41 Henry Clay 37
49
Election of 1828

• Andrew Jackson prepared for the 1828
  election
• Old Hickory showed himself to be a shrewd
  politician who was well liked
• He won the 1828 election by a landslide as
  property restrictions were lifted for voting.

Jackson
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Andrew Jackson Presidency

• Jacksons administration was remembered for
  several controversial events
• Spoils system
• Indian Removal
• Nullification crisis
• Veto of Bank Charter

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Spoils System

• John Q. Adams did not replace people in his
  administration with people that supported him
• Jackson chose to replace everyone, some numerous
  times.

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Spoils System

• His idea was based on to the victors belong the
  spoils, and that political supporters should be
  rewarded.
• Every president since has chosen to follow his
  lead.

53
Indian Removal

• Southerners backed Jackson in 1828 because of his
  interest in moving the Indians off prime farm
  land
• The Cherokees resisted and tried to become white

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Indian Removal

• Congress passed the Indian Removal Act
• The Cherokee Nation took their case to the US
  Supreme Court
• They agreed with the Cherokee and reversed the
  Act.

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Trail of Tears

• Jackson ordered them moved anyway.
• In 1838 the Cherokee
  were
  removed
  by force

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States Rights and the National Bank

• Chapter 7
• Section 4

57
Tariffs

• To help American industry, the first protective
  tariff was passed in 1816
• It was increased in 1824 and in 1828
• VP John C. Calhoun, SC, called the last tariff,
  the Tariff of Abominations

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Nullification Crisis

• Tariffs raised in the South were used for
  internal improvements in the North.
• To help his economically deprived state, Calhoun
  wrote the South Carolina Exposition

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Nullification Crisis

• Calhoun stated that states had the authority to
  nullify (reject), any federal act it considered
  to be unconstitutional.

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Hayne and Webster

• Robert Hayne, SC and Daniel Webster, MA, debated
  in the Senate over states rights
• Pres. Jackson and V. Pres Calhoun toasted their
  opinions of the problem

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Nullification Crisis

• Pres. Jackson Our Union, it must be preserved
• V. Pres Calhoun Our Union, next to our liberty,
  the most dear
• Jackson was furious

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Nullification Crisis

• SC threatened to secede from the Union
• Jackson threatened to bring troops into SC and
  hang Calhoun
• The Force Bill allowed Jackson to use the military

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Nullification Crisis

• Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser, proposed a
  solution to lower the tariffs over a 10 year
  period
• Conflict over states rights will continue

64
National Bank

• Jackson never liked the National Bank, thinking
  it favored the elite and hurt the economy
• Although the banks charter was not due to expire
  for 4 years, Clay and Webster wanted Jackson to
  sign a renewal to make it a campaign issue

65
Mr. Biddles Bank

• If Jackson vetoed the charter, he may lose some
  support right before the election
• Jackson used it to his advantage convincing
  people that the bank was unfair.
• It became a war between him and the bank mgr.
  Nicholas Biddle

66
National Bank

• Jackson refused to sign the charter
• The charter still had 4 years to go but Jackson
  would not wait
• He took all the federal money out of the national
  bank and put it in state pet banks

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Mr. Biddles Bank

• The National Bank soon closed

68
Whigs

• For the last several elections, there was
  essentially one political party in America
• That would change with the Whigs, formed to
  oppose Jackson

69
Whigs

• For the last several elections, there was
  essentially one political party in America
• That would change with the Whigs, formed to
  oppose Jackson
• They ran 3 candidates in 1836

70
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren 170 W. H. Harrison 73 White
26 D. Webster 14 Mangum 11
71
Jacksons Legacy

• Many of Jacksons pet banks were wildcat banks,
  those that made poor loans and risked bankruptcy
• Wildcat banks printed their own currency, some
  had little collateral behind it.

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Jacksons Legacy

• Jackson chose to solve the problem by making
  all payments due in specie, gold or silver, not
  paper
• People rushed to trade their paper currency for
  specie
• There wasnt enough gold or silver to go around

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Panic of 1837

• As news of bank closings became known, there were
  rushes on other banks.
• Hundreds of banks closed their doors forever

74
Panic of 1837

• The Panic hit as Van Buren took the oath of
  office
• His solution is to do nothing.
• By 1840, the Whigs are organized and run William
  Henry Harrison and John Tyler

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Election of 1840Tippecanoe and Tyler too
William H. Harrison 234 Martin Van Buren 60
76
Harrison Presidency

• Harrison gave a very long inaugural speech on a
  cold, rainy, winter day
• He caught pneumonia and died a month later
• His running mate, John Tyler, became president

77
His Accidency

• Tyler was not a loyal Whig and was chosen only
  for the votes he brought to the ticket
• The Whigs were stuck with him for 4 years.